axis {graphics} | R Documentation |
Add an Axis to a Plot
Description
Adds an axis to the current plot, allowing the specification of the side, position, labels, and other options.
Usage
axis(side, at = NULL, labels = TRUE, tick = TRUE, line = NA,
pos = NA, outer = FALSE, font = NA, lty = "solid",
lwd = 1, lwd.ticks = lwd, col = NULL, col.ticks = NULL,
hadj = NA, padj = NA, gap.axis = NA, ...)
Arguments
side |
an integer specifying which side of the plot the axis is to be drawn on. The axis is placed as follows: 1=below, 2=left, 3=above and 4=right. |
at |
the points at which tick-marks are to be drawn. Non-finite
(infinite, |
labels |
this can either be a logical value specifying whether
(numerical) annotations are to be made at the tickmarks, or a
character or expression vector of labels to be placed at the
tick points. (Other objects are coerced by |
tick |
a logical value specifying whether tickmarks and an axis line should be drawn. |
line |
the number of lines into the margin at which the axis line
will be drawn, if not |
pos |
the coordinate at which the axis line is to be drawn:
if not |
outer |
a logical value indicating whether the axis should be drawn in the outer plot margin, rather than the standard plot margin. |
font |
font for text. Defaults to |
lty |
line type for both the axis line and the tick marks. |
lwd , lwd.ticks |
line widths for the axis line and the tick marks. Zero or negative values will suppress the line or ticks. |
col , col.ticks |
colors for the axis line and the tick marks
respectively. |
hadj |
adjustment (see |
padj |
adjustment for each tick label perpendicular to the
reading direction. For labels parallel to the axes, If |
gap.axis |
an optional (typically non-negative) numeric factor to
be multiplied with the size of an ‘m’ to determine the
minimal gap between labels that are drawn, see ‘Details’.
The default, perpendicular <- function(side, las) { is.x <- (side %% 2 == 1) # is horizontal x-axis ( is.x && (las %in% 2:3)) || (!is.x && (las %in% 1:2)) } gap.axis <- if(perpendicular(side, las)) 0.25 else 1
|
... |
other graphical parameters may also be passed as
arguments to this function, particularly, Parameters Note that |
Details
The axis line is drawn from the lowest to the highest value of
at
, but will be clipped at the plot region. By default, only
ticks which are drawn from points within the plot region (up to a
tolerance for rounding error) are plotted, but the ticks and their
labels may well extend outside the plot region. Use xpd = TRUE
or xpd = NA
to allow axes to extend further.
When at = NULL
, pretty tick mark locations are computed internally
(the same way axTicks(side)
would) from
par("xaxp")
or "yaxp"
and
par("xlog")
(or "ylog"
). Note that these
locations may change if an on-screen plot is resized (for example, if
the plot
argument asp
(see plot.window
) is set.)
If labels
is not specified, the numeric values supplied or
calculated for at
are converted to character strings as if they
were a numeric vector printed by print.default(digits = 7)
.
The code tries hard not to draw overlapping tick labels, and so will
omit labels where they would abut or overlap previously drawn labels.
This can result in, for example, every other tick being labelled.
The ticks are drawn left to right or bottom to top, and space at
least the size of an ‘m’, multiplied by gap.axis
,
is left between labels. In previous R versions, this applied only
for labels written parallel to the axis direction, hence not
for e.g., las = 2
. Using gap.axis = -1
restores that
(buggy) previous behaviour (in the perpendicular case).
If either line
or pos
is set, they (rather than
par("mgp")[3]
) determine the position of the axis line and tick
marks, and the tick labels are placed par("mgp")[2]
further
lines into (or towards for pos
) the margin.
Several of the graphics parameters affect the way axes are drawn. The
vertical (for sides 1 and 3) positions of the axis and the tick labels
are controlled by mgp[2:3]
and mex
, the size and
direction of the ticks is controlled by tck
and tcl
and
the appearance of the tick labels by cex.axis
, col.axis
and font.axis
with orientation controlled by las
(but
not srt
, unlike S which uses srt
if at
is
supplied and las
if it is not). Note that adj
is not
supported and labels are always centered. See par
for details.
Value
The numeric locations on the axis scale at which tick marks were drawn when the plot was first drawn (see ‘Details’).
This function is usually invoked for its side effect, which is to add an axis to an already existing plot.
References
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
See Also
Axis
for a generic interface.
axTicks
returns the axis tick locations
corresponding to at = NULL
; pretty
is more flexible
for computing pretty tick coordinates and does not depend on
(nor adapt to) the coordinate system in use.
Several graphics parameters affecting the appearance are documented
in par
.
Examples
require(stats) # for rnorm
plot(1:4, rnorm(4), axes = FALSE)
axis(1, 1:4, LETTERS[1:4])
axis(2)
box() #- to make it look "as usual"
plot(1:7, rnorm(7), main = "axis() examples",
type = "s", xaxt = "n", frame.plot = FALSE, col = "red")
axis(1, 1:7, LETTERS[1:7], col.axis = "blue")
# unusual options:
axis(4, col = "violet", col.axis = "dark violet", lwd = 2)
axis(3, col = "gold", lty = 2, lwd = 0.5)
# one way to have a custom x axis
plot(1:10, xaxt = "n")
axis(1, xaxp = c(2, 9, 7))
## Changing default gap between labels:
plot(0:100, type="n", axes=FALSE, ann=FALSE)
title(quote("axis(1, .., gap.axis = f)," ~~ f >= 0))
axis(2, at = 5*(0:20), las = 1, gap.axis = 1/4)
gaps <- c(4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 0.1, 0)
chG <- paste0(ifelse(gaps == 1, "default: ", ""),
"gap.axis=", formatC(gaps))
jj <- seq_along(gaps)
linG <- -2.5*(jj-1)
for(j in jj) {
isD <- gaps[j] == 1 # is default
axis (1, at=5*(0:20), gap.axis = gaps[j], padj=-1, line = linG[j],
col.axis = if(isD) "forest green" else 1, font.axis= 1+isD)
}
mtext(chG, side=1, padj=-1, line = linG -1/2, cex=3/4,
col = ifelse(gaps == 1, "forest green", "blue3"))
## now shrink the window (in x- and y-direction) and observe the axis labels drawn