R: Rescorla-Wagner (Delta) Model

banditNarm_delta {hBayesDM}

R Documentation

Rescorla-Wagner (Delta) Model

Description

Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling of the N-Armed Bandit Task using Rescorla-Wagner (Delta) Model. It has the following parameters: A (learning rate), tau (inverse temperature).

Task: N-Armed Bandit Task (Erev et al., 2010; Hertwig et al., 2004)
Model: Rescorla-Wagner (Delta) Model

Usage

banditNarm_delta(
  data = NULL,
  niter = 4000,
  nwarmup = 1000,
  nchain = 4,
  ncore = 1,
  nthin = 1,
  inits = "vb",
  indPars = "mean",
  modelRegressor = FALSE,
  vb = FALSE,
  inc_postpred = FALSE,
  adapt_delta = 0.95,
  stepsize = 1,
  max_treedepth = 10,
  ...
)

Arguments

`data`	Data to be modeled. It should be given as a data.frame object, a filepath for a tab-seperated txt file, `"example"` to use example data, or `"choose"` to choose data with an interactive window. Columns in the dataset must include: "subjID", "choice", "gain", "loss". See Details below for more information.
`niter`	Number of iterations, including warm-up. Defaults to 4000.
`nwarmup`	Number of iterations used for warm-up only. Defaults to 1000.
`nchain`	Number of Markov chains to run. Defaults to 4.
`ncore`	Number of CPUs to be used for running. Defaults to 1.
`nthin`	Every `i == nthin` sample will be used to generate the posterior distribution. Defaults to 1. A higher number can be used when auto-correlation within the MCMC sampling is high.
`inits`	Character value specifying how the initial values should be generated. Possible options are "vb" (default), "fixed", "random", or your own initial values.
`indPars`	Character value specifying how to summarize individual parameters. Current options are: "mean", "median", or "mode".
`modelRegressor`	Whether to export model-based regressors (`TRUE` or `FALSE`). Not available for this model.
`vb`	Use variational inference to approximately draw from a posterior distribution. Defaults to `FALSE`.
`inc_postpred`	Include trial-level posterior predictive simulations in model output (may greatly increase file size). Defaults to `FALSE`. If set to `TRUE`, it includes: "y_pred"
`adapt_delta`	Floating point value representing the target acceptance probability of a new sample in the MCMC chain. Must be between 0 and 1. See Details below.
`stepsize`	Integer value specifying the size of each leapfrog step that the MCMC sampler can take on each new iteration. See Details below.
`max_treedepth`	Integer value specifying how many leapfrog steps the MCMC sampler can take on each new iteration. See Details below.
`...`	For this model, it's possible to set model-specific argument(s) as follows: Narm Number of arms used in Multi-armed Bandit Task If not given, the number of unique choice will be used.

Details

This section describes some of the function arguments in greater detail.

data should be assigned a character value specifying the full path and name (including extension information, e.g. ".txt") of the file that contains the behavioral data-set of all subjects of interest for the current analysis. The file should be a tab-delimited text file, whose rows represent trial-by-trial observations and columns represent variables.
For the N-Armed Bandit Task, there should be 4 columns of data with the labels "subjID", "choice", "gain", "loss". It is not necessary for the columns to be in this particular order, however it is necessary that they be labeled correctly and contain the information below:

subjID: A unique identifier for each subject in the data-set.
choice: Integer value representing the option chosen on the given trial: 1, 2, 3, ... N.
gain: Floating point value representing the amount of currency won on the given trial (e.g. 50, 100).
loss: Floating point value representing the amount of currency lost on the given trial (e.g. 0, -50).

*Note: The file may contain other columns of data (e.g. "ReactionTime", "trial_number", etc.), but only the data within the column names listed above will be used during the modeling. As long as the necessary columns mentioned above are present and labeled correctly, there is no need to remove other miscellaneous data columns.

nwarmup is a numerical value that specifies how many MCMC samples should not be stored upon the beginning of each chain. For those familiar with Bayesian methods, this is equivalent to burn-in samples. Due to the nature of the MCMC algorithm, initial values (i.e. where the sampling chains begin) can have a heavy influence on the generated posterior distributions. The nwarmup argument can be set to a high number in order to curb the effects that initial values have on the resulting posteriors.

nchain is a numerical value that specifies how many chains (i.e. independent sampling sequences) should be used to draw samples from the posterior distribution. Since the posteriors are generated from a sampling process, it is good practice to run multiple chains to ensure that a reasonably representative posterior is attained. When the sampling is complete, it is possible to check the multiple chains for convergence by running the following line of code: plot(output, type = "trace"). The trace-plot should resemble a "furry caterpillar".

nthin is a numerical value that specifies the "skipping" behavior of the MCMC sampler, using only every i == nthin samples to generate posterior distributions. By default, nthin is equal to 1, meaning that every sample is used to generate the posterior.

Control Parameters: adapt_delta, stepsize, and max_treedepth are advanced options that give the user more control over Stan's MCMC sampler. It is recommended that only advanced users change the default values, as alterations can profoundly change the sampler's behavior. Refer to 'The No-U-Turn Sampler: Adaptively Setting Path Lengths in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (Hoffman & Gelman, 2014, Journal of Machine Learning Research)' for more information on the sampler control parameters. One can also refer to 'Section 34.2. HMC Algorithm Parameters' of the Stan User's Guide and Reference Manual, or to the help page for stan for a less technical description of these arguments.

Contributors

Cheol Jun Cho <cjfwndnsl@gmail.com>

Value

A class "hBayesDM" object modelData with the following components:

model: Character value that is the name of the model (\code"banditNarm_delta").
allIndPars: Data.frame containing the summarized parameter values (as specified by indPars) for each subject.
parVals: List object containing the posterior samples over different parameters.
fit: A class stanfit object that contains the fitted Stan model.
rawdata: Data.frame containing the raw data used to fit the model, as specified by the user.
modelRegressor: List object containing the extracted model-based regressors.

References

Erev, I., Ert, E., Roth, A. E., Haruvy, E., Herzog, S. M., Hau, R., et al. (2010). A choice prediction competition: Choices from experience and from description. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 23(1), 15-47. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.683

Hertwig, R., Barron, G., Weber, E. U., & Erev, I. (2004). Decisions From Experience and the Effect of Rare Events in Risky Choice. Psychological Science, 15(8), 534-539. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00715.x

Examples

## Not run: 
# Run the model with a given data.frame as df
output <- banditNarm_delta(
  data = df, niter = 2000, nwarmup = 1000, nchain = 4, ncore = 4)

# Run the model with example data
output <- banditNarm_delta(
  data = "example", niter = 2000, nwarmup = 1000, nchain = 4, ncore = 4)

# Visually check convergence of the sampling chains (should look like 'hairy caterpillars')
plot(output, type = "trace")

# Check Rhat values (all Rhat values should be less than or equal to 1.1)
rhat(output)

# Plot the posterior distributions of the hyper-parameters (distributions should be unimodal)
plot(output)

# Show the WAIC and LOOIC model fit estimates
printFit(output)

## End(Not run)

[Package hBayesDM version 1.2.1 Index]