bilinear {gsignal}

Bilinear transformation

Description

Transform a s-plane (analog) filter specification into a z-plane (digital) specification.

Usage

bilinear(Sz, ...)

## S3 method for class 'Zpg'
bilinear(Sz, T = 2 * tan(1/2), ...)

## S3 method for class 'Arma'
bilinear(Sz, T = 2 * tan(1/2), ...)

## Default S3 method:
bilinear(Sz, Sp, Sg, T = 2 * tan(1/2), ...)

Arguments

Sz

In the generic case, a model to be transformed. In the default case, a vector containing the zeros in a pole-zero-gain model.

...

arguments passed to the generic function.

T

the sampling frequency represented in the z plane. Default: 2 * tan(1 / 2).

Sp

a vector containing the poles in a pole-zero-gain model.

Sg

a vector containing the gain in a pole-zero-gain model.

Details

Given a piecewise flat filter design, you can transform it from the s-plane to the z-plane while maintaining the band edges by means of the bilinear transform. This maps the left hand side of the s-plane into the interior of the unit circle. The mapping is highly non-linear, so you must design your filter with band edges in the s-plane positioned at 2/T tan(wT / 2) so that they will be positioned at w after the bilinear transform is complete.

The bilinear transform is:

z = (1 + sT / 2) / (1 - sT / 2)

s = (T / 2) (z - 1) / (z + 1)

Please note that a pole and a zero at the same place exactly cancel. This is significant since the bilinear transform creates numerous extra poles and zeros, most of which cancel. Those which do not cancel have a “fill-in” effect, extending the shorter of the sets to have the same number of as the longer of the sets of poles and zeros (or at least split the difference in the case of the band pass filter). There may be other opportunistic cancellations, but it will not check for them.

Also note that any pole on the unit circle or beyond will result in an unstable filter. Because of cancellation, this will only happen if the number of poles is smaller than the number of zeros. The analytic design methods all yield more poles than zeros, so this will not be a problem.

Value

For the default case or for bilinear.Zpg, an object of class 'Zpg', containing the list elements:

z

complex vector of the zeros of the transformed model

p

complex vector of the poles of the transformed model

g

gain of the transformed model

For bilinear.Arma, an object of class 'Arma', containing the list elements:

b

moving average (MA) polynomial coefficients

a

autoregressive (AR) polynomial coefficients

Author(s)

Paul Kienzle [e-mail]. Conversion to R by Tom Short, adapted by Geert van Boxtel [e-mail].

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_transform

Examples

## 6th order Bessel low-pass analog filter
zp <- besselap(6)
w <- seq(0, 4, length.out = 128)
freqs(zp, w)
zzp <- bilinear(zp)
freqz(zzp)