lm_star {countSTAR}

Fitting frequentist STAR linear model via EM algorithm

Description

Compute the MLEs and log-likelihood for the STAR linear model. The regression coefficients are estimated using least squares within an EM algorithm.

Usage

lm_star(
  formula,
  data = NULL,
  transformation = "np",
  y_max = Inf,
  sd_init = 10,
  tol = 10^-10,
  max_iters = 1000
)

Arguments

formula

an object of class "formula" (see lm for details on model specification)

data

an optional data frame, list or environment (or object coercible by as.data.frame to a data frame) containing the variables in the model; like lm, if not found in data, the variables are taken from environment(formula)

transformation

transformation to use for the latent data; must be one of

• "identity" (identity transformation)

• "log" (log transformation)

• "sqrt" (square root transformation)

• "np" (nonparametric transformation estimated from empirical CDF)

• "pois" (transformation for moment-matched marginal Poisson CDF)

• "neg-bin" (transformation for moment-matched marginal Negative Binomial CDF)

• "box-cox" (box-cox transformation with learned parameter)

y_max

a fixed and known upper bound for all observations; default is Inf

sd_init

add random noise for EM algorithm initialization scaled by sd_init times the Gaussian MLE standard deviation; default is 10

tol

tolerance for stopping the EM algorithm; default is 10^-10;

max_iters

maximum number of EM iterations before stopping; default is 1000

Details

Standard function calls including coefficients, fitted, and residuals apply. Fitted values are the expectation at the MLEs, and as such are not necessarily count-valued.

Value

an object of class "lmstar", which is a list with the following elements:

• coefficients the MLEs of the coefficients

• fitted.values the fitted values at the MLEs

• g.hat a function containing the (known or estimated) transformation

• ginv.hat a function containing the inverse of the transformation

• sigma.hat the MLE of the standard deviation

• mu.hat the MLE of the conditional mean (on the transformed scale)

• z.hat the estimated latent data (on the transformed scale) at the MLEs

• residuals the Dunn-Smyth residuals (randomized)

• residuals_rep the Dunn-Smyth residuals (randomized) for 10 replicates

• logLik the log-likelihood at the MLEs

• logLik0 the log-likelihood at the MLEs for the *unrounded* initialization

• lambda the Box-Cox nonlinear parameter

• and other parameters that (1) track the parameters across EM iterations and (2) record the model specifications

Note

Infinite latent data values may occur when the transformed Gaussian model is highly inadequate. In that case, the function returns the *indices* of the data points with infinite latent values, which are significant outliers under the model. Deletion of these indices and re-running the model is one option, but care must be taken to ensure that (i) it is appropriate to treat these observations as outliers and (ii) the model is adequate for the remaining data points.

References

Kowal, D. R., & Wu, B. (2021). Semiparametric count data regression for self‐reported mental health. Biometrics. doi:10.1111/biom.13617

Examples

# Simulate data with count-valued response y:
sim_dat = simulate_nb_lm(n = 100, p = 3)
y = sim_dat$y; X = sim_dat$X

# Fit model
fit_em = lm_star(y~X)

# Fitted coefficients:
coef(fit_em)
# Fitted values:
y_hat = fitted(fit_em)
plot(y_hat, y);

# Residuals:
plot(residuals(fit_em))
qqnorm(residuals(fit_em)); qqline(residuals(fit_em))