inline-markup {cli}

About inline markup in the semantic cli

Description

To learn how to use cli’s semantic markup, start with the ‘Building a semantic CLI’ article at https://cli.r-lib.org.

Command substitution

All text emitted by cli supports glue interpolation. Expressions enclosed by braces will be evaluated as R code. See glue::glue() for details.

In addition to regular glue interpolation, cli can also add classes to parts of the text, and these classes can be used in themes. For example

cli_text("This is {.emph important}.")

#> This is important.                                                              

adds a class to the "important" word, class "emph". Note that in this case the string within the braces is usually not a valid R expression. If you want to mix classes with interpolation, add another pair of braces:

adjective <- "great"
cli_text("This is {.emph {adjective}}.")

#> This is great.                                                                  

An inline class will always create a span element internally. So in themes, you can use the span.emph CSS selector to change how inline text is emphasized:

cli_div(theme = list(span.emph = list(color = "red")))
adjective <- "nice and red"
cli_text("This is {.emph {adjective}}.")

#> This is nice and red.                                                           

Classes

The default theme defines the following inline classes:

• arg for a function argument.

• cls for an S3, S4, R6 or other class name.

• code for a piece of code.

• dt is used for the terms in a definition list (cli_dl()).

• dd is used for the descriptions in a definition list (cli_dl()).

• email for an email address. If the terminal supports ANSI hyperlinks (e.g. RStudio, iTerm2, etc.), then cli creates a clickable link. See links for more information about cli hyperlinks.

• emph for emphasized text.

• envvar for the name of an environment variable.

• field for a generic field, e.g. in a named list.

• file for a file name. If the terminal supports ANSI hyperlinks (e.g. RStudio, iTerm2, etc.), then cli creates a clickable link that opens the file in RStudio or with the default app for the file type. See links for more information about cli hyperlinks.

• fn for a function name. If it is in the package::function_name form, and the terminal supports ANSI hyperlinks (e.g. RStudio, iTerm2, etc.), then cli creates a clickable link. See links for more information about cli hyperlinks.

• fun same as fn.

• help is a help page of a function. If the terminal supports ANSI hyperlinks to help pages (e.g. RStudio), then cli creates a clickable link. It supports link text. See links for more information about cli hyperlinks.

• href creates a hyperlink, potentially with a link text. If the terminal supports ANSI hyperlinks (e.g. RStudio, iTerm2, etc.), then cli creates a clickable link. See links for more information about cli hyperlinks.

• kbd for a keyboard key.

• key same as kbd.

• obj_type_friendly formats the type of an R object in a readable way, and it should be used with {}, see an example below.

• or changes the string that separates the last two elements of collapsed vectors (see below) from "and" to "or".

• path for a path (the same as file in the default theme).

• pkg for a package name.

• run is an R expression, that is potentially clickable if the terminal supports ANSI hyperlinks to runnable code (e.g. RStudio). It supports link text. See links for more information about cli hyperlinks.

• str for a double quoted string escaped by base::encodeString().#' * strong for strong importance.

• topic is a help page of a topic. If the terminal supports ANSI hyperlinks to help pages (e.g. RStudio), then cli creates a clickable link. It supports link text. See links for more information about cli hyperlinks.

• type formats the type of an R object in a readable way, and it should be used with {}, see an example below.

• url for a URL. If the terminal supports ANSI hyperlinks (e.g. RStudio, iTerm2, etc.), then cli creates a clickable link. See links for more information about cli hyperlinks.

• var for a variable name.

• val for a generic "value".

• vignette is a vignette. If the terminal supports ANSI hyperlinks to help pages (e.g. RStudio), then cli creates a clickable link. It supports link text. See links for more information about cli hyperlinks.

ul <- cli_ul()
cli_li("{.emph Emphasized} text.")
cli_li("{.strong Strong} importance.")
cli_li("A piece of code: {.code sum(a) / length(a)}.")
cli_li("A package name: {.pkg cli}.")
cli_li("A function name: {.fn cli_text}.")
cli_li("A keyboard key: press {.kbd ENTER}.")
cli_li("A file name: {.file /usr/bin/env}.")
cli_li("An email address: {.email [e-mail]}.")
cli_li("A URL: {.url https://example.com}.")
cli_li("An environment variable: {.envvar R_LIBS}.")
cli_li("`mtcars` is {.obj_type_friendly {mtcars}}")
cli_end(ul)

#> • Emphasized text.                                                              
#> • Strong importance.                                                            
#> • A piece of code: `sum(a) / length(a)`.                                        
#> • A package name: cli.                                                          
#> • A function name: `cli_text()`.                                                
#> • A keyboard key: press [ENTER].                                                
#> • A file name: /usr/bin/env.                                                    
#> • An email address: [e-mail].                                        
#> • A URL: <https://example.com>.                                                 
#> • An environment variable: `R_LIBS`.                                            
#> • `mtcars` is a data frame                                                      

You can add new classes by defining them in the theme, and then using them.

cli_div(theme = list(
  span.myclass = list(color = "lightgrey"),
  "span.myclass" = list(before = "<<"),
  "span.myclass" = list(after = ">>")))
cli_text("This is {.myclass in angle brackets}.")
cli_end()

#> This is <<in angle brackets>>.                                                  

Highlighting weird-looking values

Often it is useful to highlight a weird file or path name, e.g. one that starts or ends with space characters. The built-in theme does this for .file, .path and .email by default. You can highlight any string inline by adding the .q class to it.

The current highlighting algorithm

• adds single quotes to the string if it does not start or end with an alphanumeric character, underscore, dot or forward slash.

• Highlights the background colors of leading and trailing spaces on terminals that support ANSI colors.

Collapsing inline vectors

When cli performs inline text formatting, it automatically collapses glue substitutions, after formatting. This is handy to create lists of files, packages, etc.

pkgs <- c("pkg1", "pkg2", "pkg3")
cli_text("Packages: {pkgs}.")
cli_text("Packages: {.pkg {pkgs}}.")

#> Packages: pkg1, pkg2, and pkg3.                                                 
#> Packages: pkg1, pkg2, and pkg3.                                                 

Class names are collapsed differently by default

x <- Sys.time()
cli_text("Hey, {.var x} has class {.cls {class(x)}}.")

#> Hey, `x` has class <POSIXct/POSIXt>.                                            

By default cli truncates long vectors. The truncation limit is by default twenty elements, but you can change it with the vec-trunc style.

nms <- cli_vec(names(mtcars), list("vec-trunc" = 5))
cli_text("Column names: {nms}.")

#> Column names: mpg, cyl, disp, …, gear, and carb.                                

Formatting values

The val inline class formats values. By default (c.f. the built-in theme), it calls the cli_format() generic function, with the current style as the argument. See cli_format() for examples.

str is for formatting strings, it uses base::encodeString() with double quotes.

Escaping ⁠{⁠ and ⁠}⁠

It might happen that you want to pass a string to ⁠cli_*⁠ functions, and you do not want command substitution in that string, because it might contain ⁠{⁠ and ⁠}⁠ characters. The simplest solution for this is to refer to the string from a template:

msg <- "Error in if (ncol(dat$y)) {: argument is of length zero"
cli_alert_warning("{msg}")

#> ! Error in if (ncol(dat$y)) {: argument is of length zero                       

If you want to explicitly escape ⁠{⁠ and ⁠}⁠ characters, just double them:

cli_alert_warning("A warning with {{ braces }}.")

#> ! A warning with { braces }.                                                    

See also examples below.

Pluralization

All cli commands that emit text support pluralization. Some examples:

ndirs <- 1
nfiles <- 13
pkgs <- c("pkg1", "pkg2", "pkg3")
cli_alert_info("Found {ndirs} director{?y/ies} and {nfiles} file{?s}.")
cli_text("Will install {length(pkgs)} package{?s}: {.pkg {pkgs}}")

#> ℹ Found 1 directory and 13 files.                                               
#> Will install 3 packages: pkg1, pkg2, and pkg3                                   

See pluralization for details.

Wrapping

Most cli containers wrap the text to width the container's width, while observing margins requested by the theme.

To avoid a line break, you can use the UTF_8 non-breaking space character: ⁠\u00a0⁠. cli will not break a line here.

To force a line break, insert a form feed character: ⁠\f⁠ or ⁠\u000c⁠. cli will insert a line break there.