flip.coin {animation}

Probability in flipping coins

Description

This function provides a simulation to the process of flipping coins and computes the frequencies for ‘heads’ and ‘tails’.

Usage

flip.coin(
  faces = 2,
  prob = NULL,
  border = "white",
  grid = "white",
  col = 1:2,
  type = "p",
  pch = 21,
  bg = "transparent",
  digits = 3
)

Arguments

faces

an integer or a character vector. See details below.

prob

the probability vector of showing each face. If NULL, each face will be shown in the same probability.

border

The border style for the rectangles which stand for probabilities.

grid

the color for horizontal grid lines in these rectangles

col

The colors to annotate different faces of the ‘coin’.

type, pch, bg

See points.

digits

integer indicating the precision to be used in the annotation of frequencies in the plot

Details

If faces is a single integer, say 2, a sequence of integers from 1 to faces will be used to denote the faces of a coin; otherwise this character vector just gives the names of each face.

When the i-th face shows up, a colored thin rectangle will be added to the corresponding place (the i-th bar), and there will be corresponding annotations for the number of tosses and frequencies.

The special argument grid is for consideration of a too large number of flipping, in which case if you still draw horizontal lines in these rectangles, the rectangles will be completely covered by these lines, thus we should specify it as NA.

At last the frequency for each face will be computed and shown in the header of the plot – this shall be close to prob if ani.options('nmax') is large enough.

Value

A list containing

freq

A vector of frequencies (simulated probabilities)

nmax

the total number of tosses

Note

You may change the colors of each face using the argument col (repeated if shorter than the number of faces).

Author(s)

Yihui Xie

References

Examples at https://yihui.org/animation/example/flip-coin/

See Also

points, sample