exppower.TOST {PowerTOST} | R Documentation |
Expected power of the TOST procedure
Description
Calculates the so-called expected, i.e., unconditional, power for a variety of study designs used in bioequivalence studies.
Usage
exppower.TOST(alpha = 0.05, logscale = TRUE, theta0, theta1, theta2,
CV, n, design = "2x2", robust = FALSE,
prior.type = c("CV", "theta0", "both"), prior.parm = list(),
method = c("exact", "approx"))
Arguments
alpha |
Significance level (one-sided). Commonly set to 0.05. |
logscale |
Should the data be used on log-transformed or on original scale? |
theta0 |
Assumed ‘true’ (or ‘observed’ in case of |
theta1 |
Lower (bio-)equivalence limit. |
theta2 |
Upper (bio-)equivalence limit. |
CV |
In case of In case of cross-over studies this is the within-subject CV, in case of a parallel-group design the CV of the total variability. |
n |
Number of subjects under study. |
design |
Character string describing the study design. See known.designs for designs covered in this package. |
robust |
Defaults to |
prior.type |
Specifies which parameter uncertainty should be accounted for. In case of
|
prior.parm |
A list of parameters expressing the prior information about the
variability and/or treatment effect. Possible components are |
method |
Defaults to |
Details
This function calculates the so-called expected power taking into account that usually the parameters (CV and/or theta0) are not known but estimated from a prior study with some uncertainty. The expected power is an unconditional power and can therefore be seen as probability for success. See references for further details.
The prior.parm
argument is a list that can supply any of the following
components:
df
Error degrees of freedom from the prior trial (>4, maybe non-integer).
df = Inf
is allowed and formethod = "exact"
the result will then coincide withpower.TOST(...)
.
Note: This corresponds to the df of both the CV and the difference of means.SEM
Standard error of the difference of means from the prior trial; must always be on additive scale (i.e., usually log-scale).
m
Number of subjects from prior trial. Specification is analogous to the main argument
n
.design
Study design of prior trial. Specification is analogous to the main argument
design
.
For prior.parm
, the combination consisting of df
and SEM
requires a somewhat advanced knowledge of the prior trial (provided in the raw
output from for example the software SAS, or may be obtained via
emmeans
of package emmeans
.
However, it has the advantage that if there were
missing data the exact degrees of freedom and standard error of the difference
can be used, the former possibly being non-integer valued (e.g., if the
Kenward-Roger method was used).
Details on argument prior.type
:
CV
The expectation is calculated with respect to the Inverse-gamma distribution.
theta0
The expectation is calculated with respect to the conditional distribution theta0 |
\sigma^2
= s^2 of the posteriori distribution of (theta0,\sigma^2
) from the prior trial.both
The expectation is calculated with respect to the posteriori distribution of (theta0,
\sigma^2
) from the prior trial. Numerical calculation of the two-dimensional integral is performed viahcubature
.
Value
Value of expected power according to the input.
Author(s)
B. Lang (thanks to G. Nehmiz for the helpful discussions), D. Labes
References
Grieve AP. Confidence Intervals and Sample Sizes. Biometrics. 1991;47:1597–603. doi:10.2307/2532411
O’Hagan, Stevens, JW, Campell MJ. Assurance in Clinical Trial Design. Pharm Stat. 2005;4:187–201. doi:10.1002/pst.175
Julious SA, Owen RJ. Sample size calculations for clinical studies allowing for uncertainty in variance. Pharm Stat. 2006;5:29–37. doi:10.1002/pst.197
Julious SA. Sample sizes for Clinical Trials. Boca Raton: CRC Press / Chapman & Hall; 2010.
Bertsche A, Nehmitz G, Beyersmann J, Grieve AP. The predictive distribution of the residual variability in the linear-fixed effects model for clinical cross-over trials. Biom J. 2016;58(4):797–809. doi:10.1002/bimj.201500245
Box GEP, Tiao GC. Bayesian Inference in Statistical Analysis. Boston: Addison-Wesley; 1992.
Held L, Sabanes Bove D. Applied Statistical Inference. Likelihood and Bayes. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37887-4
Senn S. Cross-over Trials in Clinical Research. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2nd edition 2002.
Zierhut ML, Bycott P, Gibbs MA, Smith BP, Vicini P. Ignorance is not bliss: Statistical power is not probability of trial success. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;99:356–9. doi:10.1002/cpt.257
See Also
Examples
# Expected power for a 2x2 crossover with 40 subjects
# CV 30% known from a pilot 2x2 study with 12 subjects
# using all the defaults for other parameters (theta0 carved in stone)
exppower.TOST(CV = 0.3, n = 40, prior.parm = list(df = 12-2))
# should give: [1] 0.7365519
# or equivalently
exppower.TOST(CV = 0.3, n = 40, prior.parm = list(m = 12, design = "2x2"))
# In contrast: Julious approximation
exppower.TOST(CV = 0.3, n = 40, prior.parm = list(df = 10), method = "approx")
# should give: [1] 0.7359771
# Compare this to the usual (conditional) power (CV known, "carved in stone")
power.TOST(CV = 0.3, n = 40)
# should give: [1] 0.8158453
# same as if setting df = Inf in function exppower.TOST()
exppower.TOST(CV = 0.3, n = 40, prior.parm = list(df = Inf))
# Expected power for a 2x2 crossover with 40 subjects
# CV 30% and theta0 = 0.95 known from a pilot 2x2 study with 12 subjects
# using uncertainty with respect to both CV and theta0
exppower.TOST(CV = 0.3, theta0 = 0.95, n = 40,
prior.parm = list(m = 12, design = "2x2"), prior.type = "both")
# should give [1] 0.5114685