proj {stats} | R Documentation |
Projections of Models
Description
proj
returns a matrix or list of matrices giving the projections
of the data onto the terms of a linear model. It is most frequently
used for aov
models.
Usage
proj(object, ...)
## S3 method for class 'aov'
proj(object, onedf = FALSE, unweighted.scale = FALSE, ...)
## S3 method for class 'aovlist'
proj(object, onedf = FALSE, unweighted.scale = FALSE, ...)
## Default S3 method:
proj(object, onedf = TRUE, ...)
## S3 method for class 'lm'
proj(object, onedf = FALSE, unweighted.scale = FALSE, ...)
Arguments
object |
An object of class |
onedf |
A logical flag. If |
unweighted.scale |
If the fit producing |
... |
Swallow and ignore any other arguments. |
Details
A projection is given for each stratum of the object, so for aov
models with an Error
term the result is a list of projections.
Value
A projection matrix or (for multi-stratum objects) a list of projection matrices.
Each projection is a matrix with a row for each observations and
either a column for each term (onedf = FALSE
) or for each
coefficient (onedf = TRUE
). Projection matrices from the
default method have orthogonal columns representing the projection of
the response onto the column space of the Q matrix from the QR
decomposition. The fitted values are the sum of the projections, and
the sum of squares for each column is the reduction in sum of squares
from fitting that column (after those to the left of it).
The methods for lm
and aov
models add a column to the
projection matrix giving the residuals (the projection of the data
onto the orthogonal complement of the model space).
Strictly, when onedf = FALSE
the result is not a projection,
but the columns represent sums of projections onto the columns of the
model matrix corresponding to that term. In this case the matrix does
not depend on the coding used.
Author(s)
The design was inspired by the S function of the same name described in Chambers et al. (1992).
References
Chambers, J. M., Freeny, A and Heiberger, R. M. (1992) Analysis of variance; designed experiments. Chapter 5 of Statistical Models in S eds J. M. Chambers and T. J. Hastie, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
See Also
Examples
N <- c(0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0)
P <- c(1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0)
K <- c(1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0)
yield <- c(49.5,62.8,46.8,57.0,59.8,58.5,55.5,56.0,62.8,55.8,69.5,
55.0, 62.0,48.8,45.5,44.2,52.0,51.5,49.8,48.8,57.2,59.0,53.2,56.0)
npk <- data.frame(block = gl(6,4), N = factor(N), P = factor(P),
K = factor(K), yield = yield)
npk.aov <- aov(yield ~ block + N*P*K, npk)
proj(npk.aov)
## as a test, not particularly sensible
options(contrasts = c("contr.helmert", "contr.treatment"))
npk.aovE <- aov(yield ~ N*P*K + Error(block), npk)
proj(npk.aovE)