| print {base} | R Documentation |
Print Values
Description
print prints its argument and returns it invisibly (via
invisible(x)). It is a generic function which means that
new printing methods can be easily added for new classes.
Usage
print(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'factor'
print(x, quote = FALSE, max.levels = NULL,
width = getOption("width"), ...)
## S3 method for class 'table'
print(x, digits = getOption("digits"), quote = FALSE,
na.print = "", zero.print = "0",
right = is.numeric(x) || is.complex(x),
justify = "none", ...)
## S3 method for class 'function'
print(x, useSource = TRUE, ...)
Arguments
x |
an object used to select a method. |
... |
further arguments passed to or from other methods. |
quote |
logical, indicating whether or not strings should be printed with surrounding quotes. |
max.levels |
integer, indicating how many levels should be
printed for a factor; if |
width |
only used when |
digits |
minimal number of significant digits, see
|
na.print |
character string (or |
zero.print |
character specifying how zeros ( |
right |
logical, indicating whether or not strings should be right aligned. |
justify |
character indicating if strings should left- or
right-justified or left alone, passed to |
useSource |
logical indicating if internally stored source
should be used for printing when present, e.g., if
|
Details
The default method, print.default has its own help page.
Use methods("print") to get all the methods for the
print generic.
print.factor allows some customization and is used for printing
ordered factors as well.
print.table for printing tables allows other
customization. As of R 3.0.0, it only prints a description in case of a table
with 0-extents (this can happen if a classifier has no valid data).
See noquote as an example of a class whose main
purpose is a specific print method.
References
Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J. (1992) Statistical Models in S. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
See Also
The default method print.default, and help for the
methods above; further options, noquote.
For more customizable (but cumbersome) printing, see
cat, format or also write.
For a simple prototypical print method, see
.print.via.format in package tools.
Examples
require(stats)
ts(1:20) #-- print is the "Default function" --> print.ts(.) is called
for(i in 1:3) print(1:i)
## Printing of factors
attenu$station ## 117 levels -> 'max.levels' depending on width
## ordered factors: levels "l1 < l2 < .."
esoph$agegp[1:12]
esoph$alcgp[1:12]
## Printing of sparse (contingency) tables
set.seed(521)
t1 <- round(abs(rt(200, df = 1.8)))
t2 <- round(abs(rt(200, df = 1.4)))
table(t1, t2) # simple
print(table(t1, t2), zero.print = ".") # nicer to read
## same for non-integer "table":
T <- table(t2,t1)
T <- T * (1+round(rlnorm(length(T)))/4)
print(T, zero.print = ".") # quite nicer,
print.table(T[,2:8] * 1e9, digits=3, zero.print = ".")
## still slightly inferior to Matrix::Matrix(T) for larger T
## Corner cases with empty extents:
table(1, NA) # < table of extent 1 x 0 >