paley {survey}

Paley-type Hadamard matrices

Description

Computes a Hadamard matrix of dimension (p+1)\times 2^k, where p is a prime, and p+1 is a multiple of 4, using the Paley construction. Used by hadamard.

Usage

paley(n, nmax = 2 * n, prime=NULL, check=!is.null(prime))

is.hadamard(H, style=c("0/1","+-"), full.orthogonal.balance=TRUE)

Arguments

n

Minimum size for matrix

nmax

Maximum size for matrix. Ignored if prime is specified.

prime

Optional. A prime at least as large as n, such that prime+1 is divisible by 4.

check

Check that the resulting matrix is of Hadamard type

H

Matrix

style

"0/1" for a matrix of 0s and 1s, "+-" for a matrix of \pm 1.

full.orthogonal.balance

Require full orthogonal balance?

Details

The Paley construction gives a Hadamard matrix of order p+1 if p is prime and p+1 is a multiple of 4. This is then expanded to order (p+1)\times 2^k using the Sylvester construction.

paley knows primes up to 7919. The user can specify a prime with the prime argument, in which case a matrix of order p+1 is constructed.

If check=TRUE the code uses is.hadamard to check that the resulting matrix really is of Hadamard type, in the same way as in the example below. As this test takes n^3 time it is preferable to just be sure that prime really is prime.

A Hadamard matrix including a row of 1s gives BRR designs where the average of the replicates for a linear statistic is exactly the full sample estimate. This property is called full orthogonal balance.

Value

For paley, a matrix of zeros and ones, or NULL if no matrix smaller than nmax can be found.

For is.hadamard, TRUE if H is a Hadamard matrix.

References

Cameron PJ (2005) Hadamard Matrices. In: The Encyclopedia of Design Theory

See Also

hadamard

Examples

M<-paley(11)

is.hadamard(M)
## internals of is.hadamard(M)
H<-2*M-1
## HH^T is diagonal for any Hadamard matrix
H%*%t(H)