filter {stats}

Linear Filtering on a Time Series

Description

Applies linear filtering to a univariate time series or to each series separately of a multivariate time series.

Usage

filter(x, filter, method = c("convolution", "recursive"),
       sides = 2, circular = FALSE, init)

Arguments

x

a univariate or multivariate time series.

filter

a vector of filter coefficients in reverse time order (as for AR or MA coefficients).

method

Either "convolution" or "recursive" (and can be abbreviated). If "convolution" a moving average is used: if "recursive" an autoregression is used.

sides

for convolution filters only. If sides = 1 the filter coefficients are for past values only; if sides = 2 they are centred around lag 0. In this case the length of the filter should be odd, but if it is even, more of the filter is forward in time than backward.

circular

for convolution filters only. If TRUE, wrap the filter around the ends of the series, otherwise assume external values are missing (NA).

init

for recursive filters only. Specifies the initial values of the time series just prior to the start value, in reverse time order. The default is a set of zeros.

Details

Missing values are allowed in x but not in filter (where they would lead to missing values everywhere in the output).

Note that there is an implied coefficient 1 at lag 0 in the recursive filter, which gives

y_i = x_i + f_1y_{i-1} + \cdots + f_py_{i-p}

No check is made to see if recursive filter is invertible: the output may diverge if it is not.

The convolution filter is

y_i = f_1x_{i+o} + \cdots + f_px_{i+o-(p-1)}

where o is the offset: see sides for how it is determined.

Value

A time series object.

Note

convolve(, type = "filter") uses the FFT for computations and so may be faster for long filters on univariate series, but it does not return a time series (and so the time alignment is unclear), nor does it handle missing values. filter is faster for a filter of length 100 on a series of length 1000, for example.

See Also

convolve, arima.sim

Examples

x <- 1:100
filter(x, rep(1, 3))
filter(x, rep(1, 3), sides = 1)
filter(x, rep(1, 3), sides = 1, circular = TRUE)

filter(presidents, rep(1, 3))