triTraining {ssc}

Tri-training method

Description

Tri-training is a semi-supervised learning algorithm with a co-training style. This algorithm trains three classifiers with the same learning scheme from a reduced set of labeled examples. For each iteration, an unlabeled example is labeled for a classifier if the other two classifiers agree on the labeling proposed.

Usage

triTraining(x, y, x.inst = TRUE, learner, learner.pars = NULL,
  pred = "predict", pred.pars = NULL)

Arguments

x

A object that can be coerced as matrix. This object has two possible interpretations according to the value set in the x.inst argument: a matrix with the training instances where each row represents a single instance or a precomputed (distance or kernel) matrix between the training examples.

y

A vector with the labels of the training instances. In this vector the unlabeled instances are specified with the value NA.

x.inst

A boolean value that indicates if x is or not an instance matrix. Default is TRUE.

learner

either a function or a string naming the function for training a supervised base classifier, using a set of instances (or optionally a distance matrix) and it's corresponding classes.

learner.pars

A list with additional parameters for the learner function if necessary. Default is NULL.

pred

either a function or a string naming the function for predicting the probabilities per classes, using the base classifiers trained with the learner function. Default is "predict".

pred.pars

A list with additional parameters for the pred function if necessary. Default is NULL.

Details

Tri-training initiates the self-labeling process by training three models from the original labeled set, using the learner function specified. In each iteration, the algorithm detects unlabeled examples on which two classifiers agree with the classification and includes these instances in the enlarged set of the third classifier under certain conditions. The generation of the final hypothesis is produced via the majority voting. The iteration process ends when no changes occur in any model during a complete iteration.

Value

A list object of class "triTraining" containing:

model

The final three base classifiers trained using the enlarged labeled set.

model.index

List of three vectors of indexes related to the training instances used per each classifier. These indexes are relative to the y argument.

instances.index

The indexes of all training instances used to train the three models. These indexes include the initial labeled instances and the newly labeled instances. These indexes are relative to the y argument.

model.index.map

List of three vectors with the same information in model.index but the indexes are relative to instances.index vector.

classes

The levels of y factor.

pred

The function provided in the pred argument.

pred.pars

The list provided in the pred.pars argument.

x.inst

The value provided in the x.inst argument.

References

ZhiHua Zhou and Ming Li.
Tri-training: exploiting unlabeled data using three classifiers.
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 17(11):1529-1541, Nov 2005. ISSN 1041-4347. doi: 10.1109/TKDE.2005. 186.

Examples

library(ssc)

## Load Wine data set
data(wine)

cls <- which(colnames(wine) == "Wine")
x <- wine[, -cls] # instances without classes
y <- wine[, cls] # the classes
x <- scale(x) # scale the attributes

## Prepare data
set.seed(20)
# Use 50% of instances for training
tra.idx <- sample(x = length(y), size = ceiling(length(y) * 0.5))
xtrain <- x[tra.idx,] # training instances
ytrain <- y[tra.idx]  # classes of training instances
# Use 70% of train instances as unlabeled set
tra.na.idx <- sample(x = length(tra.idx), size = ceiling(length(tra.idx) * 0.7))
ytrain[tra.na.idx] <- NA # remove class information of unlabeled instances

# Use the other 50% of instances for inductive testing
tst.idx <- setdiff(1:length(y), tra.idx)
xitest <- x[tst.idx,] # testing instances
yitest <- y[tst.idx] # classes of testing instances

## Example: Training from a set of instances with 1-NN as base classifier.
set.seed(1)
m1 <- triTraining(x = xtrain, y = ytrain, 
                  learner = caret::knn3, 
                  learner.pars = list(k = 1),
                  pred = "predict")
pred1 <- predict(m1, xitest)
table(pred1, yitest)

## Example: Training from a distance matrix with 1-NN as base classifier.
dtrain <- proxy::dist(x = xtrain, method = "euclidean", by_rows = TRUE)
set.seed(1)
m2 <- triTraining(x = dtrain, y = ytrain, x.inst = FALSE,
                  learner = ssc::oneNN, 
                  pred = "predict",
                  pred.pars = list(distance.weighting = "none"))
ditest <- proxy::dist(x = xitest, y = xtrain[m2$instances.index,],
                      method = "euclidean", by_rows = TRUE)
pred2 <- predict(m2, ditest)
table(pred2, yitest)

## Example: Training from a set of instances with SVM as base classifier.
learner <- e1071::svm
learner.pars <- list(type = "C-classification", kernel="radial", 
                     probability = TRUE, scale = TRUE)
pred <- function(m, x){
  r <- predict(m, x, probability = TRUE)
  prob <- attr(r, "probabilities")
  prob
}
set.seed(1)
m3 <- triTraining(x = xtrain, y = ytrain, 
                  learner = learner, 
                  learner.pars = learner.pars, 
                  pred = pred)
pred3 <- predict(m3, xitest)
table(pred3, yitest)

## Example: Training from a set of instances with Naive-Bayes as base classifier.
set.seed(1)
m4 <- triTraining(x = xtrain, y = ytrain, 
                  learner = function(x, y) e1071::naiveBayes(x, y), 
                  pred.pars = list(type = "raw"))
pred4 <- predict(m4, xitest)
table(pred4, yitest)

## Example: Training from a set of instances with C5.0 as base classifier.
set.seed(1)
m5 <- triTraining(x = xtrain, y = ytrain, 
                  learner = C50::C5.0, 
                  pred.pars = list(type = "prob"))
pred5 <- predict(m5, xitest)
table(pred5, yitest)