alleleCorrelations {polysat} | R Documentation |
Assign Alleles to Isoloci Based on Distribution of Genotypes
Description
Where a single locus represents two or more independent isoloci (as in
an allopolyploid, or a diploidized autopolyploid), these two functions
can be used in sequence to assign alleles to isoloci.
alleleCorrelations
uses K-means and UPGMA clustering of pairwise p-values
from Fisher's exact test to make initial groupings of alleles into
putative isoloci. testAlGroups
is then used to check those
groupings against individual genotypes, and adjust the assignments if necessary.
Usage
alleleCorrelations(object, samples = Samples(object), locus = 1,
alpha = 0.05, n.subgen = 2, n.start = 50)
testAlGroups(object, fisherResults, SGploidy=2, samples=Samples(object),
null.weight=0.5, tolerance=0.05, swap = TRUE,
R = 100, rho = 0.95, T0 = 1, maxreps = 100)
Arguments
object |
A |
samples |
An optional character or numeric vector indicating which samples to analyze. |
locus |
A single character string or integer indicating which locus to analyze. |
alpha |
The significance threshold, before multiple correction, for determining whether two alleles are significantly correlated. |
n.subgen |
The number of subgenomes (number of isoloci) for this locus. This would
be |
n.start |
Integer, passed directly to the |
fisherResults |
A list output from |
SGploidy |
The ploidy of each subgenome (each isolocus). This is |
null.weight |
Numeric, indicating how genotypes with potential null alleles should
be counted when looking for signs of homoplasy. |
tolerance |
The proportion of genotypes that are allowed to be in disagreement with the allele assignments. This is the proportion of genotypes that are expected to have meiotic error or scoring error. |
swap |
Boolean indicating whether or not to use the allele swapping algorithm before checking for homoplasy. TRUE will yield more accurate results in most cases, but FALSE may be preferable for loci with null or homoplasious alleles at high frequency. |
R |
Simulated annealing parameter for the allele swapping algorithm. Indicates how many swaps to attempt in each rep (i.e. how many swaps to attempt before changing the temperature). |
rho |
Simulated annealing parameter for the allele swapping algorithm. Factor by which to reduce the temperature at the end of each rep. |
T0 |
Simulated annealing parameter for the allele swapping algorithm. Starting temperature. |
maxreps |
Simulated annealing parameter for the allele swapping algorithm. Maximum number of reps if convergence is not achieved. |
Details
These functions implement a novel methodology, introduced in polysat version 1.4 and updated in version 1.6, for cases where one pair of microsatellite primers amplifies alleles at two or more independently-segregating loci (referred to here as isoloci). This is not typically the case with new autopolyploids, in which all copies of a locus have equal chances of pairing with each other at meiosis. It is, however, frequently the case with allopolyploids, in which there are two homeologous subgenomes that do not pair (or infrequently pair) at meiosis, or ancient autopolyploids, in which duplicated chromosomes have diverged to the point of no longer pairing at meiosis.
Within the two functions there are four major steps:
-
alleleCorrelations
checks to see if there are any alleles that are present in every genotype in the dataset. Such invariable alleles are assumed to be fixed at one isolocus (which is not necessarily true, but may be corrected bytestAlGroups
in steps 4 and 5). If present, each invariable allele is assigned to its own isolocus. If there are more invariable alleles than isoloci, the function throws an error. If only one isolocus remains, all remaining (variable) alleles are assigned to that isolocus. If there are as many invariable alleles as isoloci, all remaining (variable) alleles are assigned to all isoloci (i.e. they are considered homoplasious because they cannot be assigned). If, after step 1, two or more isoloci remain without alleles assigned to them, correlations between alleles are tested by
alleleCorrelations
. The dataset is converted to"genbinary"
if not already in that format, and a Fisher's exact test, with negative association (odds ratio being less than one) as the alternative hypothesis, is performed between each pair of columns (alleles) in the genotype matrix. The p-value of this test between each pair of alleles is stored in a square matrix, and zeros are inserted into the diagonal of the matrix. K-means clustering and UPGMA are then performed on the square matrix of p-values, and the clusters that are produced represent initial assignments of alleles to isoloci.The output of
alleleCorrelations
is then passed totestAlGroups
. If the results of K-means clustering and UPGMA were not identical,testAlGroups
checks both sets of assignments against all genotypes in the dataset. For a genotype to be consistent with a set of assignments, it should have at least one allele and no more thanSGploidy
alleles belonging to each isolocus. The set of assignments that is consistent with the greatest number of genotypes is chosen, or in the case of a tie, the set of assignments produced by K-means clustering.If
swap = TRUE
and the assignments chosen in the previous step are inconsistent with some genotypes,testAlGroups
attempts to swap the isoloci of single alleles, using a simulated annealing (Bertsimas and Tsitsiklis 1993) algorithm to search for a new set of assignments that is consistent with as many genotypes as possible. At each step, an allele is chosen at random to be moved to a different isolocus (which is also chosen at random if there are more than two isoloci). If the new set of allele assignments is consistent with an equal or greater number of genotypes than the previous set of assignments, the new set is retained. If the new set is consistent with fewer genotypes than the old set, there is a small probability of retaining the new set, dependent on how much worse the new set of assignments is and what the current “temperature” of the algorithm is. AfterR
allele swapping attempts, the temperature is lowered, reducing the probability of retaining a set of allele assignments that is worse than the previous set. A new rep ofR
swapping attempts then begins. If a set of allele assignments is found that is consistent with all genotypes, the algorithm stops immediately. Otherwise it stops if no changes are made during an entire rep ofR
swap attempts, or ifmaxreps
reps are performed.-
testAlGroups
then checks through all genotypes to look for signs of homoplasy, meaning single alleles that should be assigned to more than one isolocus. For each genotype, there should be no more thanSGploidy
alleles assigned to each isolocus. Additionally, if there are no null alleles, each genotype should have at least one allele belonging to each isolocus. Each time a genotype is encountered that does not meet these criteria, the a score is increased for all alleles that might be homoplasious. (The second criterion is not checked ifnull.weight = 0
.) This score starts at zero and is increased by 1 if there are too many alleles per isolocus or bynull.weight
if an isolocus has no alleles. Once all genotypes have been checked, the allele with the highest score is considered to be homoplasious and is added to the other isolocus. (In a hexaploid or higher, which isolocus the allele is added to depends on the genotypes that were found to be inconsistent with the allele assignments, and which isolocus or isoloci the allele could have belonged to in order to fix the assignment.) Allele scores are reset to zero and all alleles are then checked again with the new set of allele assignments. The process is repeated until the proportion of genotypes that are inconsistent with the allele assignments is at or belowtolerance
.
Value
Both functions return lists. For alleleCorrelations
:
locus |
The name of the locus that was analyzed. |
clustering.method |
The method that was ultimately used to
produce |
significant.neg |
Square matrix of logical values indicating whether there was significant negative correlation between each pair of alleles, after multiple testing correction by Holm-Bonferroni. |
significant.pos |
Square matrix of logical values indicating whether there was significant positive correlation between each pair of alleles, after multiple testing correction by Holm-Bonferroni. |
p.values.neg |
Square matrix of p-values from Fisher's exact test for negative correlation between each pair of alleles. |
p.values.pos |
Square matrix of p-values from Fisher's exact test for positive correlation between each pair of alleles. |
odds.ratio |
Square matrix of the odds ratio estimate from Fisher's exact test for each pair of alleles. |
Kmeans.groups |
Matrix with |
UPGMA.groups |
Matrix in the same format as
|
heatmap.dist |
Square matrix like |
totss |
Total sums of squares output from K-means clustering. |
betweenss |
Sums of squares between clusters output from K-means
clustering. |
gentable |
The table indicating presence/absence of each allele in each genotype. |
For testAlGroups
:
locus |
Name of the locus that was tested. |
SGploidy |
The ploidy of each subgenome, taken from the
|
assignments |
Matrix with as many rows as there are isoloci, and as many
columns as there are alleles in the dataset. |
proportion.inconsistent.genotypes |
A number ranging from zero to one
indicating the proportion of genotypes from the dataset that are inconsistent
with |
Note
alleleCorrelations
will print a warning to the console or to the
standard output stream if a significant positive correlation is found
between any pair of alleles. (This is not a “warning” in the
technical sense usually used in R, because it can occur by random
chance and I did not want it to cause polysat to fail package
checks.) You can see which allele pair(s) caused this warning by
looking at value$significant.pos
. If you receive this warning for
many loci, consider that there may be population structure in your
dataset, and that you might split the dataset into multiple
populations to test seperately. If it happens at just a few loci,
check to make sure there are not scoring problems such as stutter
peaks being miscalled as alleles. If it only happens at one locus and
you can't find any evidence of scoring problems, two alleles may have
been positively correlated simply from random chance, and the warning
can be ignored.
alleleCorrelations
can also produce an actual warning stating
“Quick-TRANSfer stage steps exceeded maximum”. This warning
is produced internally by kmeans
and may occur if many
genotypes are similar, as in mapping populations. It can be safely
ignored.
Author(s)
Lindsay V. Clark
References
Clark, L. V. and Drauch Schreier, A. (2017) Resolving microsatellite genotype ambiguity in populations of allopolyploid and diploidized autopolyploid organisms using negative correlations between allelic variables. Molecular Ecology Resources, 17, 1090–1103. DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12639.
Bertsimas, D. and Tsitsiklis, J.(1993) Simulated annealing. Statistical Science 8, 10–15.
See Also
recodeAllopoly
, mergeAlleleAssignments
,
catalanAlleles
, processDatasetAllo
Examples
# randomly generate example data for an allotetraploid
mydata <- simAllopoly(n.alleles=c(5,5), n.homoplasy=1)
viewGenotypes(mydata)
# test allele correlations
# n.start is lowered in this example to speed up computation time
myCorr <- alleleCorrelations(mydata, n.subgen=2, n.start=10)
myCorr$Kmeans.groups
myCorr$clustering.method
if(!is.null(myCorr$heatmap.dist)) heatmap(myCorr$heatmap.dist)
# check individual genotypes
# (low maxreps used in order to speed processing time for this example)
myRes <- testAlGroups(mydata, myCorr, SGploidy=2, maxreps = 5)
myRes$assignments
myRes2 <- testAlGroups(mydata, myCorr, SGploidy=2, swap = FALSE)
myRes2$assignments