PIC.lm {picR}

PIC method for Linear Models

Description

Computation of predictive information criteria for linear models.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'lm'
PIC(object, newdata, group_sizes = NULL, bootstraps = NULL, ...)

Arguments

object

A fitted model object of class "lm".

newdata

An optional dataframe to be used as validation data in computing PIC. If omitted, the training data contained within object are used.

group_sizes

An optional scalar or numeric vector indicating the sizes of newdata partitions. If omitted, newdata is not partitioned. See 'Details'.

bootstraps

An optional numeric value indicating the number of bootstrap samples to use for a bootstrapped PIC. See 'Details'.

...

Further arguments passed to or from other methods.

Details

PIC.lm computes PIC values based on the supplied regression model. Candidate models with relatively smaller criterion values are preferred. Depending on the value(s) supplied to group_sizes, one of three implementations of PIC are computed:

• iPIC: The individualized predictive information criterion (iPIC) is computed when group_sizes = 1. A value of iPIC is determined for each individual observation in newdata. Using iPIC, one may thus select optimal predictive models specific to each particular validation datapoint.

• gPIC: The group predictive information criterion (gPIC) is computed when group_sizes > 1 or is.vector(group_sizes) == TRUE. A value of gPIC is determined for each cohort or group of observations defined by the partitions of newdata. Using gPIC, one may thus select optimal predictive models specific to each group of validation datapoints. For the class of regression models, the gPIC value of a group of validation observations is equivalent to the sum of their individual iPIC values.

• tPIC: The total predictive information criterion (tPIC) is computed when group_sizes = NULL. Computation of the tPIC is the default, and one may use the tPIC to select the optimal predictive model for the entire set of validation datapoints. The tPIC and gPIC are equivalent when group_sizes = m, where m is the number of observations in newdata. When newdata is not supplied, tPIC is exactly equivalent to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC).

If a numeric value is supplied to bootstraps the total Predictive information criterion (tPIC) is computed bootstraps times, where generated bootstrap samples are each used as sets of validation data in computing the tPIC. The resulting tPIC values are then averaged to generate a single, bootstrapped tPIC value. Model selection based on this bootstrapped tPIC value may lead to the selection of a more generally applicable predictive model whose predictive accuracy is not strictly optimized to a particular set of validation data.

For further details, see A new class of information criteria for improved prediction in the presence of training/validation data heterogeneity.

Value

If group_sizes = NULL or bootstraps > 0, a scalar is returned. Otherwise, newdata is returned with an appended column labeled 'PIC' containing either iPIC or gPIC values, depending on the value provided to group_sizes.

References

Flores, J.E. (2021), A new class of information criteria for improved prediction in the presence of training/validation data heterogeneity [Unpublished PhD dissertation]. University of Iowa.

See Also

PIC, PIC.mlm, lm

Examples

data(iris)

# Fit a regression model
mod <- lm(Sepal.Length ~ ., data = iris)
class(mod)

# Hypothetical validation data
set.seed(1)
vdat <- iris[sample(1:nrow(iris), 10),]

# tPIC, newdata not supplied
PIC(object = mod)
AIC(mod) # equivalent to PIC since training and validation data are the same above

# tPIC, newdata supplied
PIC(object = mod, newdata = vdat)
AIC(mod) # not equivalent to PIC since training and validation data differ above

# gPIC
PIC(object = mod, newdata = vdat, group_sizes = c(5,3,2))
PIC(object = mod, newdata = vdat, group_sizes = 5)

# iPIC
PIC(object = mod, newdata = vdat, group_sizes = rep(1, 10))
PIC(object = mod, newdata = vdat, group_sizes = 1)

# bootstrapped tPIC (based on 10 bootstrap samples)
set.seed(1)
PIC(object = mod, bootstraps = 10)