amova {pegas}

Analysis of Molecular Variance

Description

This function performs a hierarchical analysis of molecular variance as described in Excoffier et al. (1992). This implementation accepts any number of hierarchical levels.

Usage

amova(formula, data = NULL, nperm = 1000, is.squared = FALSE)
## S3 method for class 'amova'
print(x, ...)
getPhi(sigma2)
write.pegas.amova(x, file = "")

Arguments

formula

a formula giving the AMOVA model to be fitted with the distance matrix on the left-hand side of the ~, and the population, region, etc, levels on its right-hand side (see details).

data

an optional data frame where to find the hierarchical levels; by default they are searched for in the user's workspace.

nperm

the number of permutations for the tests of hypotheses (1000 by default). Set this argument to 0 to skip the tests and simply estimate the variance components.

is.squared

a logical specifying whether the distance matrix has already been squared.

x

an object of class "amova".

sigma2

a named vector of variance components.

file

a file name.

...

unused (here for compatibility.

Details

The formula must be of the form d ~ A/B/... where d is a distance object, and A, B, etc, are the hierarchical levels from the highest to the lowest one. Any number of levels is accepted, so specifying d ~ A will simply test for population differentiation.

It is assumed that the rows of the distance matrix are in the same order than the hierarchical levels (which may be checked by the user).

The function getPhi() is a convenience function for extracting a table of hierarchical Phi-statistics for reporting. This will be an N+1 by N matrix where N is the number of hierarchcial levels and GLOBAL is always the first row of the matrix. The matrix can read as COLUMN in ROW.

If the variance components passed to getPhi() are not named, they will be reported as "level 1", "level 2", etc.

Value

An object of class "amova" which is a list with a table of sums of square deviations (SSD), mean square deviations (MSD), and the number of degrees of freedom, and a vector of variance components.

Note

If there are more than three levels, approximate formulae are used to estimate the variance components.

If there is an error message like this:

Error in FUN(X[[1L]], ...) : 'bin' must be numeric or a factor

it may be that the factors you use in the formula were not read correctly. You may convert them with the function factor, or, before reading your data files, do this command (in case this option was modified):

options(stringsAsFactors = TRUE)

Author(s)

Emmanuel Paradis, Zhian N. Kamvar, and Brian Knaus

References

Excoffier, L., Smouse, P. E. and Quattro, J. M. (1992) Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics, 131, 479–491.

See Also

amova in ade4 for an implementation of the original Excoffier et al.'s model; adonis in vegan for a general (multivariate) implementation of an ANOVA framework with distances.

Examples

### All examples below have 'nperm = 100' for faster execution times.
### The default 'nperm = 1000' is recommended.
require(ape)
data(woodmouse)
d <- dist.dna(woodmouse)
g <- factor(c(rep("A", 7), rep("B", 8)))
p <- factor(c(rep(1, 3), rep(2, 4), rep(3, 4), rep(4, 4)))
(d_gp <- amova(d ~ g/p, nperm = 100)) # 2 levels
sig2 <- setNames(d_gp$varcomp$sigma2, rownames(d_gp$varcomp))
getPhi(sig2) # Phi table
amova(d ~ p, nperm = 100) # 1 level
amova(d ~ g, nperm = 100)

## 3 levels (quite slow):
## Not run: 
pop <- gl(64, 5, labels = paste0("pop", 1:64))
region <- gl(16, 20, labels = paste0("region", 1:16))
conti <- gl(4, 80, labels = paste0("conti", 1:4))
dd <- as.dist(matrix(runif(320^2), 320))
(dd_crp <- amova(dd ~ conti/region/pop, nperm = 100))
sig2 <- setNames(dd_crp$varcomp$sigma2, rownames(dd_crp$varcomp))
getPhi(sig2)

## End(Not run)