ndi-package {ndi}

The ndi Package: Neighborhood Deprivation Indices

Description

Computes various metrics of socio-economic deprivation and disparity in the United States based on information available from the U.S. Census Bureau.

Details

The 'ndi' package computes various metrics of socio-economic deprivation and disparity in the United States. Some metrics are considered "spatial" because they consider the values of neighboring (i.e., adjacent) census geographies in their computation, while other metrics are "aspatial" because they only consider the value within each census geography. Two types of aspatial neighborhood deprivation indices (NDI) are available: (1) based on Messer et al. (2006) doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9094-x and (2) based on Andrews et al. (2020) doi:10.1080/17445647.2020.1750066 and Slotman et al. (2022) doi:10.1016/j.dib.2022.108002 who use variables chosen by Roux and Mair (2010) doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x. Both are a decomposition of multiple demographic characteristics from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 5-year estimates (ACS-5; 2006-2010 onward). Using data from the ACS-5 (2005-2009 onward), the package can also compute the (1) spatial Racial Isolation Index (RI) based on Anthopolos et al. (2011) doi:10.1016/j.sste.2011.06.002, (2) spatial Educational Isolation Index (EI) based on Bravo et al. (2021) doi:10.3390/ijerph18179384, (3) aspatial Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) based on Feldman et al. (2015) doi:10.1136/jech-2015-205728 and Krieger et al. (2016) doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302955, (4) aspatial racial/ethnic Dissimilarity Index based on Duncan & Duncan (1955) doi:10.2307/2088328, (5) aspatial income or racial/ethnic Atkinson Index based on Atkinson (1970) doi:10.1016/0022-0531(70)90039-6, (6) aspatial racial/ethnic Isolation Index (II) based on Shevky & Williams (1949; ISBN-13:978-0-837-15637-8) and Bell (1954) doi:10.2307/2574118, (7) aspatial racial/ethnic Correlation Ratio based on Bell (1954) doi:10.2307/2574118 and White (1986) doi:10.2307/3644339, and (8) aspatial racial/ethnic Location Quotient (LQ) based on Merton (1939) doi:10.2307/2084686 and Sudano et al. (2013) doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.015. Also using data from the ACS-5 (2005-2009 onward), the package can retrieve the aspatial Gini Index based on Gini (1921) doi:10.2307/2223319.

Key content of the 'ndi' package include:

Metrics of Socio-Economic Deprivation and Disparity

anthopolos Computes the spatial Racial Isolation Index (RI) based on Anthopolos (2011) doi:10.1016/j.sste.2011.06.002.

atkinson Computes the aspatial income or racial/ethnic Atkinson Index (AI) based on Atkinson (1970) doi:10.1016/0022-0531(70)90039-6.

bell Computes the aspatial racial/ethnic Isolation Index (II) based on Shevky & Williams (1949; ISBN-13:978-0-837-15637-8) and Bell (1954) doi:10.2307/2574118.

bemanian_beyer Computes the aspatial racial/ethnic Local Exposure and Isolation (LEx/Is) metric based on Bemanian & Beyer (2017) doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0926.

bravo Computes the spatial Educational Isolation Index (EI) based on Bravo (2021) doi:10.3390/ijerph18179384.

duncan Computes the aspatial racial/ethnic Dissimilarity Index (DI) based on Duncan & Duncan (1955) doi:10.2307/2088328.

gini Retrieves the aspatial Gini Index based on Gini (1921) doi:10.2307/2223319.

krieger Computes the aspatial Index of Concentration at the Extremes based on Feldman et al. (2015) doi:10.1136/jech-2015-205728 and Krieger et al. (2016) doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302955.

messer Computes the aspatial Neighborhood Deprivation Index (NDI) based on Messer et al. (2006) doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9094-x.

powell_wiley Computes the aspatial Neighborhood Deprivation Index (NDI) based on Andrews et al. (2020) doi:10.1080/17445647.2020.1750066 and Slotman et al. (2022) doi:10.1016/j.dib.2022.108002 who use variables chosen by Roux and Mair (2010) doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x.

sudano Computes the aspatial racial/ethnic Location Quotient (LQ) based on Merton (1939) doi:10.2307/2084686 and Sudano et al. (2013) doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.015.

white Computes the aspatial racial/ethnic Correlation Ratio (V) based on Bell (1954) doi:10.2307/2574118 and White (1986) doi:10.2307/3644339.

Pre-formatted U.S. Census Data

DCtracts2020 A sample dataset containing information about U.S. Census American Community Survey 5-year estimate data for the District of Columbia census tracts (2020). The data are obtained from the get_acs function and formatted for the messer and powell_wiley functions input.

Dependencies

The 'ndi' package relies heavily upon tidycensus to retrieve data from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey five-year estimates and the psych for computing the neighborhood deprivation indices. The messer function builds upon code developed by Hruska et al. (2022) doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/M2SAV by fictionalizing, adding the percent of households earning <$30,000 per year to the NDI computation, and providing the option for computing the ACS-5 2006-2010 NDI values. There is no code companion to compute NDI included in Andrews et al. (2020) doi:10.1080/17445647.2020.1750066 or Slotman et al. (2022) doi:10.1016/j.dib.2022.108002, but the package author worked directly with the Slotman et al. (2022) doi:10.1016/j.dib.2022.108002 authors to replicate their SAS code in R. The spatial metrics RI and EI rely on the sf and Matrix packages to compute the geospatial adjacency matrix between census geographies. Internal function to calculate AI is based on Atkinson function. There is no code companion to compute RI, EI, DI, II, V, LQ, or LEx/Is included in Anthopolos et al. (2011) doi:10.1016/j.sste.2011.06.002, Bravo et al. (2021) doi:10.3390/ijerph18179384, Duncan & Duncan (1955) doi:10.2307/2088328, Bell (1954) doi:10.2307/2574118, White (1986) doi:10.2307/3644339, Sudano et al. (2013) doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.015, or Bemanian & Beyer (2017) doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0926, respectively.

Author(s)

Ian D. Buller
Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a division of DLH Corporation, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (current); Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA (original).

Maintainer: I.D.B. [e-mail]