bat_optim {microbats}

Bat Algorithm

Description

The function bat_optim implements a nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm that deals with both continuous and discrete optimization problems. The algorithm is based on the echolocation behavior of microbats and uses frequency tuning.

Usage

bat_optim(D, NP, N_Gen, A, r, Qmin, Qmax, Lower, Upper, FUN, ...)

Arguments

D

integer: the dimension of the search variables

NP

integer: the population size, typically between 10 and 40

N_Gen

integer: the number of generations, or iterations

A

numeric; loudness, between 0 and 1, can be constant or decreasing

r

numeric; pulse rate, must be positive, can be constant or decreasing

Qmin

minimum frequency

Qmax

maximum frequency

Lower

lower bound of the search variables

Upper

upper bound of the search variables

FUN

the objective function to optimize, must be supplied by a user

...

optional arguments to FUN

Details

bat_optim implements the standard bat algorithm in three robust steps. The first step is to initialize the parameters of algorithm to generate and evaluate the initial population from which to determine the best solution.

Secondly, a population of virtual microbats are moved in a d-dimensional search or solution space according to the updating rules of the algorithm: each bat is encoded with a velocity and a location at each iteration in the search space. The location is a solution vector, and the current best solution is achieved.

Then the current best solution is improved using random walks. The new solution is evaluated and updated. See References below for more details.

In essence, frequency tuning acts as mutation to vary the solutions locally; hence, increasing the range of frequencies leads to a global search. The mutation, compared with genetic algorithms, has no crossover but depends on loudness and pulse emission. So technically, varying loudness and pulse emission rates can also make the search intensive approaching the global optimality.

One of the advantages of the bat algorithm is that it can converge very quickly at the initial stage and can switch from exploration to exploitation when the optimality is approaching.

Value

Returns a list of four values: minimum fitness, population of solutions, fitness, best solution(s)

Author(s)

Seong Hyun Hwang, Rachel Myoung Moon

References

[1] Yang, X.-S. "A new metaheuristic bat-inspired algorithm." Nature inspired cooperative strategies for optimization (NICSO 2010). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. 65-74.

[2] Fister, I. Jr., Fister, I., Yang, X.-S., Fong, S., Zhuang, Y. "Bat algorithm: Recent advances." IEEE 15th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI), IEEE, 2014. 163-167.

Examples

# find the x-value that gives the minimum of the quadratic function y = x^2 - 3x
# x should then be 1.5
quad_func <- function(D, sol) {
 val = 0
 for (i in 1:D) {
   val <- val + sol[i] * sol[i] - sol[i] * 3
 }
 return(val)
}

# run a simulation using the standard bat algorithm
set.seed(5)  # for reproducive results
fit <- bat_optim(D = 1, NP = 20, N_Gen = 100, A = 0.5, r = 0.5,
                 Qmin = 0, Qmax = 2, Lower = -10, Upper = 10, FUN = quad_func)
x <- fit$best_solution