recode {lessR}

Recode the Values of an Integer or Factor Variable

Description

Recodes the values of one or more integer variables in a data frame. The values of the original variable may be overwritten with the recoded values, or the recoded values can be designated to be placed in a new variable, indicated by the new_name option. Valid values may be converted to missing, and missing values may be converted to valid values. Any existing variable labels are retained in the recoded data frame.

There is no provision to recode integer values to character strings because that task is best accomplished with the standard R factor function.

Usage

recode(old_vars, new_vars=NULL, old, new, data=d,
       quiet=getOption("quiet"), ...)

Arguments

old_vars

One or more variables to be recoded.

new_vars

Name of the new variable or variables that contain the recoded values, each name in quotes. If not provided, then the values of the original variable are replaced.

old

The values of the variables that are to be recoded. If the value is "missing" then any existing missing values are replaced by the value specified with new.

new

The recoded values, which match one-to-one with the values in old. If the value is "missing" then instead any values specified in old are converted to missing.

data

The name of the data frame from which to create the subset, which is d by default.

quiet

If set to TRUE, no text output. Can change system default with style function.

...

Parameter values_

Details

Specify the values to be recoded with the required old parameter, and the corresponding recoded values with the required new parameter. There must be a 1-to-1 correspondence between the two sets of values, such as 0:5 recoded to 5:0, six items in the old set and six items in the new set.

Use new_vars to specify the name of the variable that contains the recoded values. If new_vars is not present, then the values of the original variable are overwritten with the recoded values.

Not all of the existing values of the variable to be recoded need be specified. Any value not specified is unchanged in the values of the recoded variable.

Unless otherwise specified, missing values are unchanged. To modify missing values, set old="missing" to covert missing data values to the specified value data value given in new. Or, set new="missing" to covert the one or more existing valid data values specified in old to missing data values.

Diagnostic checks are performed before the recode. First, it is verified that the same number of values exist in the old and new lists of values_ Second, it is verified that all of the values specified to be recoded in fact exist in the original data.

If the levels of a factor were to be recoded with recode, then the factor attribute would be lost as the resulting recoded variable would be character strings. Accordingly, this type of transformation is not allowed, and instead should be accomplished with the Transform and factor functions as shown in the examples.

Value

The recoded data frame is returned, usually assigned the name of d as in the examples below. This is the default name for the data frame input into the lessR data analysis functions.

Author(s)

David W. Gerbing (Portland State University; [e-mail])

See Also

transform, factor.

Examples

# construct data frame
d <- read.table(text="Severity Description
1 Mild
4 Moderate
3 Moderate
2 Mild
1 Severe", header=TRUE, stringsAsFactors=FALSE)

# recode Severity into a new variable called SevereNew
d <- recode(Severity, new_vars="SevereNew", old=1:4, new=c(10,20,30,40))

# reverse score four Likert variables: m01, m02, m03, m10 
d <- Read("Mach4")
d <- recode(c(m01:m03,m10), old=0:5, new=5:0)

# convert any 1 for Plan to missing
# use Read to put data into d data frame
# write results to newdata data frame
d <- Read("Employee")
newdata <- recode(Plan, old=1, new="missing")

# for Years and Salary convert any missing value to 99
d <- recode(c(Years, Salary), old="missing", new=99)


# ------------------------------------
# convert between factors and integers
# ------------------------------------

# recode levels of a factor that should remain a factor
#   with the Transform and factor functions
# using recode destroys the factor attribute, converting to
#   character strings instead, so Recode does not allow
d <- Read("Employee")
d <- Transform(
    Gender=factor(Gender, levels=c("F", "M"), labels=c("Female", "Male"))
)

# recode levels of a factor to convert to integer first by
#   converting to integer with Transform and as.numeric
# here Gender has values M and F in the data
# integers start with 1 through the number of levels, can use
#   recode() to change this if desired, such as to 0 and 1
d <- Transform(Gender=as.numeric(Gender))
d <- recode(Gender, old=c(1,2), new=c(0,1))

# recode integer values to levels of a factor with value labels
#   instead of recode()
# here Gender has values 0 and 1 in the data
d <- Read("Mach4")
d <- Transform(
      Gender=factor(Gender, levels=c(0,1), labels=c("Male","Female"))
      )
# ------------------------------------