ddm {gravity}

Double Demeaning (DDM)

Description

ddm estimates gravity models via double demeaning the left hand side and right hand side of the gravity equation.

Usage

ddm(
  dependent_variable,
  distance,
  additional_regressors = NULL,
  code_origin,
  code_destination,
  robust = FALSE,
  data,
  ...
)

Arguments

dependent_variable

(Type: character) name of the dependent variable. This dependent variable is divided by the product of unilateral incomes such (i.e. income_origin and income_destination) and logged afterwards.

distance

(Type: character) name of the distance variable that should be taken as the key independent variable in the estimation. The distance is logged automatically when the function is executed.

additional_regressors

(Type: character) names of the additional regressors to include in the model (e.g. a dummy variable to indicate contiguity). Unilateral metric variables such as GDP should be inserted via the arguments income_origin and income_destination. As country specific effects are subdued due to demeaning, no further unilateral variables apart from incomes can be added.

Write this argument as c(contiguity, common currency, ...). By default this is set to NULL.

code_origin

(Type: character) country of origin variable (e.g. ISO-3 country codes). The variables are grouped using this parameter.

code_destination

(Type: character) country of destination variable (e.g. country ISO-3 codes). The variables are grouped using this parameter.

robust

(Type: logical) whether robust fitting should be used. By default this is set to FALSE.

data

(Type: data.frame) the dataset to be used.

...

Additional arguments to be passed to the function.

Details

ddm is an estimation method for gravity models presented in Head and Mayer (2014).

Country specific effects are subdued due double demeaning. Hence, unilateral income proxies such as GDP cannot be considered as exogenous variables.

Unilateral effect drop out due to double demeaning and therefore cannot be estimated.

ddm is designed to be consistent with the Stata code provided at Gravity Equations: Workhorse, Toolkit, and Cookbook when choosing robust estimation.

As, to our knowledge at the moment, there is no explicit literature covering the estimation of a gravity equation by ddm using panel data, we do not recommend to apply this method in this case.

Value

The function returns the summary of the estimated gravity model as an lm-object.

References

For more information on gravity models, theoretical foundations and estimation methods in general see

Anderson JE (1979). “A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation.” The American Economic Review, 69(1), 106–116. ISSN 00028282.

Anderson JE, van Wincoop E (2001). “Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle.” Working Paper 8079, National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w8079.

Anderson JE (2010). “The Gravity Model.” Working Paper 16576, National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w16576.

Baier SL, Bergstrand JH (2009). “Bonus vetus OLS: A simple method for approximating international trade-cost effects using the gravity equation.” Journal of International Economics, 77(1), 77 - 85. ISSN 0022-1996, doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2008.10.004.

Baier SL, Bergstrand JH (2010). “The Gravity Model in International Trade: Advances and Applications.” In van Bergeijk PAG, Brakman S (eds.), chapter 4. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511762109.

Feenstra RC (2002). “Border effects and the gravity equation: consistent methods for estimation.” Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 49(5), 491–506.

Head K, Mayer T, Ries J (2010). “The erosion of colonial trade linkages after independence.” Journal of International Economics, 81(1), 1 - 14. ISSN 0022-1996, doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2010.01.002.

Head K, Mayer T (2014). “Chapter 3 - Gravity Equations: Workhorse,Toolkit, and Cookbook.” In Gopinath G, Helpman E, Rogoff K (eds.), Handbook of International Economics, volume 4 of Handbook of International Economics, 131 - 195. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-54314-1.00003-3.

Silva JMCS, Tenreyro S (2006). “The Log of Gravity.” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(4), 641-658. doi:10.1162/rest.88.4.641.

and the citations therein.

See Gravity Equations: Workhorse, Toolkit, and Cookbook for gravity datasets and Stata code for estimating gravity models.

For estimating gravity equations using panel data see

Egger P, Pfaffermayr M (2003). “The proper panel econometric specification of the gravity equation: A three-way model with bilateral interaction effects.” Empirical Economics, 28(3), 571–580. ISSN 1435-8921, doi:10.1007/s001810200146.

Gómez-Herrera E (2013). “Comparing alternative methods to estimate gravity models of bilateral trade.” Empirical Economics, 44(3), 1087–1111. ISSN 1435-8921, doi:10.1007/s00181-012-0576-2.

and the references therein.

See Also

lm, coeftest, vcovHC

Examples

# Example for CRAN checks:
# Executable in < 5 sec
library(dplyr)
data("gravity_no_zeros")

# Choose 5 countries for testing
countries_chosen <- c("AUS", "CHN", "GBR", "BRA", "CAN")
grav_small <- filter(gravity_no_zeros, iso_o %in% countries_chosen)

fit <- ddm(
  dependent_variable = "flow",
  distance = "distw",
  additional_regressors = c("rta", "comcur", "contig"),
  code_origin = "iso_o",
  code_destination = "iso_d",
  robust = FALSE,
  data = grav_small
)