aftsrr {aftgee}

Accelerated Failure Time with Smooth Rank Regression

Description

Fits a semiparametric accelerated failure time (AFT) model with rank-based approach. General weights, additional sampling weights and fast sandwich variance estimations are also incorporated. Estimating equations are solved with Barzilar-Borwein spectral method implemented as BBsolve in package BB.

Usage

aftsrr(
  formula,
  data,
  subset,
  id = NULL,
  contrasts = NULL,
  weights = NULL,
  B = 100,
  rankWeights = c("gehan", "logrank", "PW", "GP", "userdefined"),
  eqType = c("is", "ns", "mis", "mns"),
  se = c("NULL", "bootstrap", "MB", "ZLCF", "ZLMB", "sHCF", "sHMB", "ISCF", "ISMB"),
  control = list()
)

Arguments

formula

a formula expression, of the form response ~ predictors. The response is a Surv object object with right censoring. See the documentation of lm, coxph and formula for details.

data

an optional data frame in which to interpret the variables occurring in the formula.

subset

an optional vector specifying a subset of observations to be used in the fitting process.

id

an optional vector used to identify the clusters. If missing, then each individual row of data is presumed to represent a distinct subject. The length of id should be the same as the number of observation.

contrasts

an optional list.

weights

an optional vector of observation weights.

B

a numeric value specifies the resampling number. When B = 0 or se = NULL, only the beta estimate will be displayed.

rankWeights

a character string specifying the type of general weights. The following are permitted:

logrank

logrank weight

gehan

Gehan's weight

PW

Prentice-Wilcoxon weight

GP

GP class weight

userdefined

a user defined weight provided as a vector with length equal to the number of subject. This argument is still under-development.

eqType

a character string specifying the type of the estimating equation used to obtain the regression parameters. The following are permitted:

is

Regression parameters are estimated by directly solving the induced-smoothing estimating equations. This is the default and recommended method.

ns

Regression parameters are estimated by directly solving the nonsmooth estimating equations.

mis

Regression parameters are estimated by iterating the monotonic smoothed Gehan-based estimating equations. This is typical when rankWeights = "PW" and rankWeights = "GP".

mns

Regression parameters are estimated by iterating the monotonic non-smoothed Gehan-based estimating equations. This is typical when rankWeights = "PW" and rankWeights = "GP".

se

a character string specifying the estimating method for the variance-covariance matrix. The following are permitted:

NULL

if se is specified as NULL, the variance-covariance matrix will not be computed.

bootstrap

nonparametric bootstrap.

MB

multiplier resampling.

ZLCF

Zeng and Lin's approach with closed form V, see Details.

ZLMB

Zeng and Lin's approach with empirical V, see Details.

sHCF

Huang's approach with closed form V, see Details.

sHMB

Huang's approach with empirical V, see Details.

ISCF

Johnson and Strawderman's sandwich variance estimates with closed form V, see Details.

ISMB

Johnson and Strawderman's sandwich variance estimates with empirical V, see Details.

control

controls equation solver, maxiter, tolerance, and resampling variance estimation. The available equation solvers are BBsolve and dfsane of the BB package. The default algorithm control parameters are used when these functions are called. However, the monotonicity parameter, M, can be specified by users via the control list. When M is specified, the merit parameter, noimp, is set at

10 * M

. The readers are refered to the BB package for details. Instead of searching for the zero crossing, options including BBoptim and optim will return solution from maximizing the corresponding objective function. When se = "bootstrap" or se = "MB", an additional argument parallel = TRUE can be specified to enable parallel computation. The number of CPU cores can be specified with parCl, the default number of CPU cores is the integer value of detectCores() / 2.

Details

When se = "bootstrap" or se = "MB", the variance-covariance matrix is estimated through a bootstrap fashion. Bootstrap samples that failed to converge are removed when computing the empirical variance matrix. When bootstrap is not called, we assume the variance-covariance matrix has a sandwich form

\Sigma = A^{-1}V(A^{-1})^T,

where V is the asymptotic variance of the estimating function and A is the slope matrix. In this package, we provide seveal methods to estimate the variance-covariance matrix via this sandwich form, depending on how V and A are estimated. Specifically, the asymptotic variance, V, can be estimated by either a closed-form formulation (CF) or through bootstrap the estimating equations (MB). On the other hand, the methods to estimate the slope matrix A are the inducing smoothing approach (IS), Zeng and Lin's approach (ZL), and the smoothed Huang's approach (sH).

Value

aftsrr returns an object of class "aftsrr" representing the fit. An object of class "aftsrr" is a list containing at least the following components:

beta

A vector of beta estimates

covmat

A list of covariance estimates

convergence

An integer code indicating type of convergence.

0

indicates successful convergence.

1

indicates that the iteration limit maxit has been reached.

2

indicates failure due to stagnation.

3

indicates error in function evaluation.

4

is failure due to exceeding 100 step length reductions in line-search.

5

indicates lack of improvement in objective function.

bhist

When variance = "MB", bhist gives the bootstrap samples.

References

Chiou, S., Kang, S. and Yan, J. (2014) Fast Accelerated Failure Time Modeling for Case-Cohort Data. Statistics and Computing, 24(4): 559–568.

Chiou, S., Kang, S. and Yan, J. (2014) Fitting Accelerated Failure Time Model in Routine Survival Analysis with R Package Aftgee. Journal of Statistical Software, 61(11): 1–23.

Huang, Y. (2002) Calibration Regression of Censored Lifetime Medical Cost. Journal of American Statistical Association, 97, 318–327.

Johnson, L. M. and Strawderman, R. L. (2009) Induced Smoothing for the Semiparametric Accelerated Failure Time Model: Asymptotic and Extensions to Clustered Data. Biometrika, 96, 577 – 590.

Varadhan, R. and Gilbert, P. (2009) BB: An R Package for Solving a Large System of Nonlinear Equations and for Optimizing a High-Dimensional Nonlinear Objective Function. Journal of Statistical Software, 32(4): 1–26

Zeng, D. and Lin, D. Y. (2008) Efficient Resampling Methods for Nonsmooth Estimating Functions. Biostatistics, 9, 355–363

Examples

## Simulate data from an AFT model
datgen <- function(n = 100) {
    x1 <- rbinom(n, 1, 0.5)
    x2 <- rnorm(n)
    e <- rnorm(n)
    tt <- exp(2 + x1 + x2 + e)
    cen <- runif(n, 0, 100)
    data.frame(Time = pmin(tt, cen), status = 1 * (tt < cen),
               x1 = x1, x2 = x2, id = 1:n)
}
set.seed(1); dat <- datgen(n = 50)
summary(aftsrr(Surv(Time, status) ~ x1 + x2, data = dat, se = c("ISMB", "ZLMB"), B = 10))

## Data set with sampling weights
data(nwtco, package = "survival")
subinx <- sample(1:nrow(nwtco), 668, replace = FALSE)
nwtco$subcohort <- 0
nwtco$subcohort[subinx] <- 1
pn <- mean(nwtco$subcohort)
nwtco$hi <- nwtco$rel + ( 1 - nwtco$rel) * nwtco$subcohort / pn
nwtco$age12 <- nwtco$age / 12
nwtco$study <- factor(nwtco$study)
nwtco$histol <- factor(nwtco$histol)
sub <- nwtco[subinx,]
fit <- aftsrr(Surv(edrel, rel) ~ histol + age12 + study, id = seqno,
              weights = hi, data = sub, B = 10, se = c("ISMB", "ZLMB"),
              subset = stage == 4)
summary(fit)
confint(fit)