| mixed {afex} | R Documentation |
p-values for fixed effects of mixed-model via lme4::lmer()
Description
Estimates mixed models with lme4 and calculates p-values
for all fixed effects. The default method "KR" (= Kenward-Roger) as
well as method="S" (Satterthwaite) support LMMs and estimate the
model with lmer and then pass it to the
lmerTest anova method (or
Anova). The other methods ("LRT" =
likelihood-ratio tests and "PB" = parametric bootstrap) support both
LMMs (estimated via lmer) and GLMMs (i.e., with
family argument which invokes estimation via
glmer) and estimate a full model and restricted models
in which the parameters corresponding to one effect (i.e., model term) are
withhold (i.e., fixed to 0). Per default tests are based on Type 3 sums of
squares. print, nice, anova, and summary
methods for the returned object of class "mixed" are available.
summary invokes the default lme4 summary method and shows
parameters instead of effects.
lmer_alt is simply a wrapper for mixed that only returns the
"lmerModLmerTest" or "merMod" object and correctly uses the
|| notation for removing correlations among factors. This function
otherwise behaves like g/lmer (as for mixed, it calls
glmer as soon as a family argument is present). Use
afex_options("lmer_function") to set which function
for estimation should be used. This option determines the class of the
returned object (i.e., "lmerModLmerTest" or "merMod").
Usage
mixed(
formula,
data,
type = afex_options("type"),
method = afex_options("method_mixed"),
per_parameter = NULL,
args_test = list(),
test_intercept = FALSE,
check_contrasts = afex_options("check_contrasts"),
expand_re = FALSE,
all_fit = FALSE,
set_data_arg = afex_options("set_data_arg"),
progress = interactive(),
cl = NULL,
return = "mixed",
sig_symbols = afex_options("sig_symbols"),
...
)
lmer_alt(formula, data, check_contrasts = FALSE, ...)
Arguments
formula |
a formula describing the full mixed-model to be fitted. As
this formula is passed to |
data |
|
type |
type of test on which effects are based. Default is to use type 3
tests, taken from |
method |
character vector indicating which methods for obtaining
p-values should be used: |
per_parameter |
|
args_test |
|
test_intercept |
logical. Whether or not the intercept should also be
fitted and tested for significance. Default is |
check_contrasts |
|
expand_re |
logical. Should random effects terms be expanded (i.e.,
factors transformed into numerical variables) before fitting with
|
all_fit |
logical. Should |
set_data_arg |
|
progress |
if |
cl |
A vector identifying a cluster; used for distributing the
estimation of the different models using several cores (if seveal models
are calculated). See examples. If |
return |
the default is to return an object of class |
sig_symbols |
Character. What should be the symbols designating
significance? When entering an vector with |
... |
further arguments (such as |
Details
For an introduction to mixed-modeling for experimental designs see our chapter (Singmann & Kellen, in press) or Barr, Levy, Scheepers, & Tily (2013). Arguments for using the Kenward-Roger approximation for obtaining p-values are given by Judd, Westfall, and Kenny (2012). Further introductions to mixed-modeling for experimental designs are given by Baayen and colleagues (Baayen, 2008; Baayen, Davidson & Bates, 2008; Baayen & Milin, 2010). Specific recommendations on which random effects structure to specify for confirmatory tests can be found in Barr and colleagues (2013) and Barr (2013), but also see Bates et al. (2015).
p-value Calculations
When method = "KR" (implemented via
KRmodcomp), the Kenward-Roger approximation for
degrees-of-freedom is calculated using lmerTest (if
test_intercept=FALSE) or Anova (if
test_intercept=TRUE), which is only applicable to linear-mixed models
(LMMs). The test statistic in the output is an F-value (F). A similar
method that requires less RAM is method = "S" which calculates the
Satterthwaite approximation for degrees-of-freedom via
lmerTest and is also only applicable to LMMs.
method = "KR" or method = "S" provide the best control for
Type 1 errors for LMMs (Luke, 2017).
method = "PB" calculates p-values using parametric bootstrap using
PBmodcomp. This can be used for linear and also
generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) by specifying a
family argument to mixed. Note that you should
specify further arguments to PBmodcomp via args_test,
especially nsim (the number of simulations to form the reference
distribution) or cl (for using multiple cores). For other arguments
see PBmodcomp. Note that REML (argument to
[g]lmer) will be set to FALSE if method is PB.
method = "LRT" calculates p-values via likelihood ratio tests
implemented in the anova method for "merMod" objects. This is
the method recommended by Barr et al. (2013; which did not test the other
methods implemented here). Using likelihood ratio tests is only recommended
for models with many levels for the random effects (> 50), but can be pretty
helpful in case the other methods fail (due to memory and/or time
limitations). The
lme4 faq also
recommends the other methods over likelihood ratio tests.
Implementation Details
For methods "KR" and "S" type 3 and 2 tests are implemented as
in Anova.
For all other methods, type 3 tests are obtained by comparing a model in
which only the tested effect is excluded with the full model (containing all
effects). For method "nested-KR" (which was the default in previous
versions) this corresponds to the (type 3) Wald tests given by
car::Anova for "lmerMod" models. The submodels in which the
tested effect is excluded are obtained by manually creating a model matrix
which is then fitted in "lme4".
Type 2 tests are truly sequential. They are obtained by comparing a model in
which the tested effect and all higher oder effect (e.g., all three-way
interactions for testing a two-way interaction) are excluded with a model in
which only effects up to the order of the tested effect are present and all
higher order effects absent. In other words, there are multiple full models,
one for each order of effects. Consequently, the results for lower order
effects are identical of whether or not higher order effects are part of the
model or not. This latter feature is not consistent with classical ANOVA
type 2 tests but a consequence of the sequential tests (and
I
didn't find a better way of implementing the Type 2 tests). This
does not correspond to the (type 2) Wald test reported by
car::Anova.
If check_contrasts = TRUE, contrasts will be set to
"contr.sum" for all factors in the formula if default contrasts are
not equal to "contr.sum" or attrib(factor, "contrasts") !=
"contr.sum". Furthermore, the current contrasts (obtained via
getOption("contrasts")) will be set at the cluster nodes if cl
is not NULL.
Expand Random Effects
expand_re = TRUE allows to expand
the random effects structure before passing it to lmer. This allows
to disable estimation of correlation among random effects for random effects
term containing factors using the || notation which may aid in
achieving model convergence (see Bates et al., 2015). This is achieved by
first creating a model matrix for each random effects term individually,
rename and append the so created columns to the data that will be fitted,
replace the actual random effects term with the so created variables
(concatenated with +), and then fit the model. The variables are renamed by
prepending all variables with rei (where i is the number of the random
effects term) and replacing ":" with "_by_".
lmer_alt is simply a wrapper for mixed that is intended to
behave like lmer (or glmer if a family argument is
present), but also allows the use of || with factors (by always using
expand_re = TRUE). This means that lmer_alt per default does
not enforce a specific contrast on factors and only returns the
"lmerModLmerTest" or "merMod" object without calculating any
additional models or p-values (this is achieved by setting return =
"merMod"). Note that it most likely differs from g/lmer in how it
handles missing values so it is recommended to only pass data without
missing values to it!
One consequence of using expand_re = TRUE is that the data that is
fitted will not be the same as the passed data.frame which can lead to
problems with e.g., the predict method. However, the actual data used
for fitting is also returned as part of the mixed object so can be
used from there. Note that the set_data_arg can be used to change
whether the data argument in the call to g/lmer is set to
data (the default) or the name of the data argument passed by the
user.
Value
An object of class "mixed" (i.e., a list) with the following
elements:
-
anova_tablea data.frame containing the statistics returned fromKRmodcomp. Thestatcolumn in this data.frame gives the value of the test statistic, an F-value formethod = "KR"and a chi-square value for the other two methods. -
full_modelthe"lmerModLmerTest"or"merMod"object returned from estimating the full model. Useafex_options("lmer_function")for setting which function for estimation should be used. The possible options are"lmerTest"(the default returning an object of class"lmerModLmerTest") and"lme4"returning an object of class ("merMod"). Note that in case afamilyargument is present an object of class"glmerMod"is always returned. -
restricted_modelsa list of"g/lmerMod"(or"lmerModLmerTest") objects from estimating the restricted models (i.e., each model lacks the corresponding effect) -
testsa list of objects returned by the function for obtaining the p-values. -
dataThe data used for estimation (i.e., after excluding missing rows and applying expand_re if requested). -
callThe matched call.
It also has the following attributes, "type" and "method". And
the attributes "all_fit_selected" and "all_fit_logLik" if
all_fit=TRUE.
Two similar methods exist for objects of class "mixed": print
and anova. They print a nice version of the anova_table element
of the returned object (which is also invisibly returned). This methods omit
some columns and nicely round the other columns. The following columns are
always printed:
-
Effectname of effect -
p.valueestimated p-value for the effect
For LMMs with method="KR" or method="S" the following further
columns are returned (note: the Kenward-Roger correction does two separate
things: (1) it computes an effective number for the denominator df; (2) it
scales the statistic by a calculated amount, see also
https://stackoverflow.com/a/25612960/289572):
-
Fcomputed F statistic -
ndfnumerator degrees of freedom (number of parameters used for the effect) -
ddfdenominator degrees of freedom (effective residual degrees of freedom for testing the effect), computed from the Kenward-Roger correction usingpbkrtest::KRmodcomp -
F.scalingscaling of F-statistic computing from Kenward-Roger approximation (only printed ifmethod="nested-KR")
For models with method="LRT" the following further columns are
returned:
-
df.largedegrees of freedom (i.e., estimated paramaters) for full model (i.e., model containing the corresponding effect) -
df.smalldegrees of freedom (i.e., estimated paramaters) for restricted model (i.e., model without the corresponding effect) -
chisq2 times the difference in likelihood (obtained withlogLik) between full and restricted model -
dfdifference in degrees of freedom between full and restricted model (p-value is based on these df).
For models with method="PB" the following further column is returned:
-
stat2 times the difference in likelihood (obtained withlogLik) between full and restricted model (i.e., a chi-square value).
Note that anova can also be called with additional mixed and/or
merMod objects. In this casethe full models are passed on to
anova.merMod (with refit=FALSE, which differs from the default
of anova.merMod) which produces the known LRT tables.
The summary method for objects of class mixed simply calls
summary.merMod on the full model.
If return = "merMod" (or when invoking lmer_alt), an object of
class "lmerModLmerTest" or of class "merMod" (depending on the
value of afex_options("lmer_function")), as returned
from g/lmer, is returned. The default behavior is to return an object
of class "lmerModLmerTest" estimated via lmer.
Note
When method = "KR", obtaining p-values is known to crash due too
insufficient memory or other computational limitations (especially with
complex random effects structures). In these cases, the other methods
should be used. The RAM demand is a problem especially on 32 bit Windows
which only supports up to 2 or 3GB RAM (see
R Windows
FAQ). Then it is probably a good idea to use methods "S", "LRT", or "PB".
"mixed" will throw a message if numerical variables are not centered
on 0, as main effects (of other variables then the numeric one) can be hard
to interpret if numerical variables appear in interactions. See Dalal &
Zickar (2012).
Per default mixed uses lmer, this can be
changed to lmer by calling:
afex_options(lmer_function = "lme4")
Formulas longer than 500 characters will most likely fail due to the use of
deparse.
Please report bugs or unexpected behavior by opening a guthub issue: https://github.com/singmann/afex/issues
Author(s)
Henrik Singmann with contributions from Ben Bolker and Joshua Wiley.
References
Baayen, R. H. (2008). Analyzing linguistic data: a practical introduction to statistics using R. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59(4), 390-412. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
Baayen, R. H., & Milin, P. (2010). Analyzing Reaction Times. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(2), 12-28.
Barr, D. J. (2013). Random effects structure for testing interactions in linear mixed-effects models. Frontiers in Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, 328. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00328
Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255-278. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
Bates, D., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., & Baayen, H. (2015). Parsimonious Mixed Models. arXiv:1506.04967 [stat]. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.04967
Dalal, D. K., & Zickar, M. J. (2012). Some Common Myths About Centering Predictor Variables in Moderated Multiple Regression and Polynomial Regression. Organizational Research Methods, 15(3), 339-362. doi:10.1177/1094428111430540
Judd, C. M., Westfall, J., & Kenny, D. A. (2012). Treating stimuli as a random factor in social psychology: A new and comprehensive solution to a pervasive but largely ignored problem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(1), 54-69. doi:10.1037/a0028347
Luke, S. (2017). Evaluating significance in linear mixed-effects models in R. Behavior Research Methods. doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0809-y
Maxwell, S. E., & Delaney, H. D. (2004). Designing experiments and analyzing data: a model-comparisons perspective. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
See Also
aov_ez and aov_car for convenience
functions to analyze experimental desIgns with classical ANOVA or ANCOVA
wrapping Anova.
see the following for the data sets from Maxwell and Delaney (2004) used
and more examples: md_15.1, md_16.1, and
md_16.4.
Examples
##################################
## Simple Examples (from MEMSS) ##
##################################
if (requireNamespace("MEMSS")) {
data("Machines", package = "MEMSS")
# simple model with random-slopes for repeated-measures factor
m1 <- mixed(score ~ Machine + (Machine|Worker), data=Machines)
m1
# suppress correlations among random effect parameters with || and expand_re = TRUE
m2 <- mixed(score ~ Machine + (Machine||Worker), data=Machines, expand_re = TRUE)
m2
## compare:
summary(m1)$varcor
summary(m2)$varcor
# for wrong solution see:
# summary(lmer(score ~ Machine + (Machine||Worker), data=Machines))$varcor
if (requireNamespace("emmeans")) {
# follow-up tests
library("emmeans") # package emmeans needs to be attached for follow-up tests.
(emm1 <- emmeans(m1, "Machine"))
pairs(emm1, adjust = "holm") # all pairwise comparisons
con1 <- list(
c1 = c(1, -0.5, -0.5), # 1 versus other 2
c2 = c(0.5, -1, 0.5) # 1 and 3 versus 2
)
contrast(emm1, con1, adjust = "holm")
if (requireNamespace("ggplot2")) {
# plotting
afex_plot(m1, "Machine") ## default uses model-based CIs
## within-subjects CIs somewhat more in line with pairwirse comparisons:
afex_plot(m1, "Machine", error = "within")
## less differences between CIs for model without correlations:
afex_plot(m2, "Machine")
afex_plot(m2, "Machine", error = "within")
}}}
## Not run:
#######################
### Further Options ###
#######################
## Multicore:
require(parallel)
(nc <- detectCores()) # number of cores
cl <- makeCluster(rep("localhost", nc)) # make cluster
# to keep track of what the function is doindg redirect output to outfile:
# cl <- makeCluster(rep("localhost", nc), outfile = "cl.log.txt")
data("Machines", package = "MEMSS")
## There are two ways to use multicore:
# 1. Obtain fits with multicore (e.g. for likelihood ratio tests, LRT):
mixed(score ~ Machine + (Machine|Worker), data=Machines, cl = cl,
method = "LRT")
# 2. Obtain PB samples via multicore:
mixed(score ~ Machine + (Machine|Worker), data=Machines,
method = "PB", args_test = list(nsim = 50, cl = cl)) # better use 500 or 1000
## Both ways can be combined:
# 2. Obtain PB samples via multicore:
mixed(score ~ Machine + (Machine|Worker), data=Machines, cl = cl,
method = "PB", args_test = list(nsim = 50, cl = cl))
#### use all_fit = TRUE and expand_re = TRUE:
data("sk2011.2") # data described in more detail below
sk2_aff <- droplevels(sk2011.2[sk2011.2$what == "affirmation",])
require(optimx) # uses two more algorithms
sk2_aff_b <- mixed(response ~ instruction*type+(inference*type||id), sk2_aff,
expand_re = TRUE, all_fit = TRUE, method = "LRT")
attr(sk2_aff_b, "all_fit_selected")
attr(sk2_aff_b, "all_fit_logLik")
# considerably faster with multicore:
clusterEvalQ(cl, library(optimx)) # need to load optimx in cluster
sk2_aff_b2 <- mixed(response ~ instruction*type+(inference*type||id), sk2_aff,
expand_re = TRUE, all_fit = TRUE, cl=cl, method = "LRT")
attr(sk2_aff_b2, "all_fit_selected")
attr(sk2_aff_b2, "all_fit_logLik")
stopCluster(cl)
## End(Not run)
###################################################
## Replicating Maxwell & Delaney (2004) Examples ##
###################################################
## Not run:
### replicate results from Table 15.4 (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004, p. 789)
data(md_15.1)
# random intercept plus random slope
(t15.4a <- mixed(iq ~ timecat + (1+time|id),data=md_15.1))
# to also replicate exact parameters use treatment.contrasts and the last level as base level:
contrasts(md_15.1$timecat) <- contr.treatment(4, base = 4)
(t15.4b <- mixed(iq ~ timecat + (1+time|id),data=md_15.1, check_contrasts=FALSE))
summary(t15.4a) # gives "wrong" parameters extimates
summary(t15.4b) # identical parameters estimates
# for more examples from chapter 15 see ?md_15.1
### replicate results from Table 16.3 (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004, p. 837)
data(md_16.1)
# original results need treatment contrasts:
(mixed1_orig <- mixed(severity ~ sex + (1|id), md_16.1, check_contrasts=FALSE))
summary(mixed1_orig$full_model)
# p-value stays the same with afex default contrasts (contr.sum),
# but estimates and t-values for the fixed effects parameters change.
(mixed1 <- mixed(severity ~ sex + (1|id), md_16.1))
summary(mixed1$full_model)
# data for next examples (Maxwell & Delaney, Table 16.4)
data(md_16.4)
str(md_16.4)
### replicate results from Table 16.6 (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004, p. 845)
# Note that (1|room:cond) is needed because room is nested within cond.
# p-value (almost) holds.
(mixed2 <- mixed(induct ~ cond + (1|room:cond), md_16.4))
# (differences are dut to the use of Kenward-Roger approximation here,
# whereas M&W's p-values are based on uncorrected df.)
# again, to obtain identical parameter and t-values, use treatment contrasts:
summary(mixed2) # not identical
# prepare new data.frame with contrasts:
md_16.4b <- within(md_16.4, cond <- C(cond, contr.treatment, base = 2))
str(md_16.4b)
# p-value stays identical:
(mixed2_orig <- mixed(induct ~ cond + (1|room:cond), md_16.4b,
check_contrasts=FALSE))
summary(mixed2_orig$full_model) # replicates parameters
### replicate results from Table 16.7 (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004, p. 851)
# F-values (almost) hold, p-values (especially for skill) are off
(mixed3 <- mixed(induct ~ cond + skill + (1|room:cond), md_16.4))
# however, parameters are perfectly recovered when using the original contrasts:
mixed3_orig <- mixed(induct ~ cond + skill + (1|room:cond), md_16.4b,
check_contrasts=FALSE)
summary(mixed3_orig)
### replicate results from Table 16.10 (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004, p. 862)
# for this we need to center cog:
md_16.4b$cog <- scale(md_16.4b$cog, scale=FALSE)
# F-values and p-values are relatively off:
(mixed4 <- mixed(induct ~ cond*cog + (cog|room:cond), md_16.4b))
# contrast has a relatively important influence on cog
(mixed4_orig <- mixed(induct ~ cond*cog + (cog|room:cond), md_16.4b,
check_contrasts=FALSE))
# parameters are again almost perfectly recovered:
summary(mixed4_orig)
## End(Not run)
###########################
## Full Analysis Example ##
###########################
## Not run:
### split-plot experiment (Singmann & Klauer, 2011, Exp. 2)
## between-factor: instruction
## within-factor: inference & type
## hypothesis: three-way interaction
data("sk2011.2")
# use only affirmation problems (S&K also splitted the data like this)
sk2_aff <- droplevels(sk2011.2[sk2011.2$what == "affirmation",])
# set up model with maximal by-participant random slopes
sk_m1 <- mixed(response ~ instruction*inference*type+(inference*type|id), sk2_aff)
sk_m1 # prints ANOVA table with nicely rounded numbers (i.e., as characters)
nice(sk_m1) # returns the same but without printing potential warnings
anova(sk_m1) # returns and prints numeric ANOVA table (i.e., not-rounded)
summary(sk_m1) # lmer summary of full model
# same model but using Kenward-Roger approximation of df
# very similar results but slower
sk_m1b <- mixed(response ~ instruction*inference*type+(inference*type|id),
sk2_aff, method="KR")
nice(sk_m1b)
# identical results as:
anova(sk_m1$full_model)
# suppressing correlation among random slopes: very similar results, but
# significantly faster and often less convergence warnings.
sk_m2 <- mixed(response ~ instruction*inference*type+(inference*type||id), sk2_aff,
expand_re = TRUE)
sk_m2
## mixed objects can be passed to emmeans
library("emmeans") # however, package emmeans needs to be attached first
# emmeans also approximate df which takes time with default Kenward-Roger
emm_options(lmer.df = "Kenward-Roger") # default setting, slow
emm_options(lmer.df = "Satterthwaite") # faster setting, preferrable
emm_options(lmer.df = "asymptotic") # the fastest, df = infinity
# recreates basically Figure 4 (S&K, 2011, upper panel)
# only the 4th and 6th x-axis position are flipped
afex_plot(sk_m1, x = c("type", "inference"), trace = "instruction")
# set up reference grid for custom contrasts:
(rg1 <- emmeans(sk_m1, c("instruction", "type", "inference")))
# set up contrasts on reference grid:
contr_sk2 <- list(
ded_validity_effect = c(rep(0, 4), 1, rep(0, 5), -1, 0),
ind_validity_effect = c(rep(0, 5), 1, rep(0, 5), -1),
counter_MP = c(rep(0, 4), 1, -1, rep(0, 6)),
counter_AC = c(rep(0, 10), 1, -1)
)
# test the main double dissociation (see S&K, p. 268)
contrast(rg1, contr_sk2, adjust = "holm")
# all effects are significant.
## End(Not run)
####################
## Other Examples ##
####################
## Not run:
# use the obk.long data (not reasonable, no random slopes)
data(obk.long)
mixed(value ~ treatment * phase + (1|id), obk.long)
# Examples for using the per.parameter argument
# note, require method = "nested-KR", "LRT", or "PB"
# also we use custom contrasts
data(obk.long, package = "afex")
obk.long$hour <- ordered(obk.long$hour)
contrasts(obk.long$phase) <- "contr.sum"
contrasts(obk.long$treatment) <- "contr.sum"
# tests only the main effect parameters of hour individually per parameter.
mixed(value ~ treatment*phase*hour +(1|id), per_parameter = "^hour$",
data = obk.long, method = "nested-KR", check_contrasts = FALSE)
# tests all parameters including hour individually
mixed(value ~ treatment*phase*hour +(1|id), per_parameter = "hour",
data = obk.long, method = "nested-KR", check_contrasts = FALSE)
# tests all parameters individually
mixed(value ~ treatment*phase*hour +(1|id), per_parameter = ".",
data = obk.long, method = "nested-KR", check_contrasts = FALSE)
# example data from package languageR: Lexical decision latencies elicited from
# 21 subjects for 79 English concrete nouns, with variables linked to subject or
# word.
data(lexdec, package = "languageR")
# using the simplest model
m1 <- mixed(RT ~ Correct + Trial + PrevType * meanWeight +
Frequency + NativeLanguage * Length + (1|Subject) + (1|Word), data = lexdec)
m1
# Mixed Model Anova Table (Type 3 tests, S-method)
#
# Model: RT ~ Correct + Trial + PrevType * meanWeight + Frequency + NativeLanguage *
# Model: Length + (1 | Subject) + (1 | Word)
# Data: lexdec
# Effect df F p.value
# 1 Correct 1, 1627.67 8.16 ** .004
# 2 Trial 1, 1591.92 7.58 ** .006
# 3 PrevType 1, 1605.05 0.17 .680
# 4 meanWeight 1, 74.37 14.85 *** <.001
# 5 Frequency 1, 75.06 56.54 *** <.001
# 6 NativeLanguage 1, 27.12 0.70 .412
# 7 Length 1, 74.80 8.70 ** .004
# 8 PrevType:meanWeight 1, 1600.79 6.19 * .013
# 9 NativeLanguage:Length 1, 1554.49 14.24 *** <.001
# ---
# Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘+’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
# Fitting a GLMM using parametric bootstrap:
require("mlmRev") # for the data, see ?Contraception
gm1 <- mixed(use ~ age + I(age^2) + urban + livch + (1 | district), method = "PB",
family = binomial, data = Contraception, args_test = list(nsim = 10))
## note that nsim = 10 is way too low for all real examples!
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
#####################################
## Interplay with effects packages ##
#####################################
data("Machines", package = "MEMSS")
# simple model with random-slopes for repeated-measures factor
m1 <- mixed(score ~ Machine + (Machine|Worker), data=Machines,
set_data_arg = TRUE) ## necessary for it to work!
library("effects")
Effect("Machine", m1$full_model) # not correct:
# Machine effect
# Machine
# A B C
# 59.65000 52.35556 60.32222
# compare:
emmeans::emmeans(m1, "Machine")
# Machine emmean SE df asymp.LCL asymp.UCL
# A 52.35556 1.680711 Inf 49.06142 55.64969
# B 60.32222 3.528546 Inf 53.40640 67.23804
# C 66.27222 1.806273 Inf 62.73199 69.81245
## necessary to set contr.sum globally:
set_sum_contrasts()
Effect("Machine", m1$full_model)
# Machine effect
# Machine
# A B C
# 52.35556 60.32222 66.27222
plot(Effect("Machine", m1$full_model))
## End(Not run)