ci2se {ReplicationSuccess}

Convert between estimates, z-values, p-values, and confidence intervals

Description

Convert between estimates, z-values, p-values, and confidence intervals

Usage

ci2se(lower, upper, conf.level = 0.95, ratio = FALSE)

ci2estimate(lower, upper, ratio = FALSE, antilog = FALSE)

ci2z(lower, upper, conf.level = 0.95, ratio = FALSE)

ci2p(lower, upper, conf.level = 0.95, ratio = FALSE, alternative = "two.sided")

z2p(z, alternative = "two.sided")

p2z(p, alternative = "two.sided")

Arguments

lower

Numeric vector of lower confidence interval bounds.

upper

Numeric vector of upper confidence interval bounds.

conf.level

The confidence level of the confidence intervals. Default is 0.95.

ratio

Indicates whether the confidence interval is for a ratio, e.g. an odds ratio, relative risk or hazard ratio. If TRUE, the standard error of the log ratio is computed. Defaults to FALSE.

antilog

Indicates whether the estimate is reported on the ratio scale. Only applies if ratio = TRUE. Defaults to FALSE.

alternative

Direction of the alternative of the p-value. Either "two.sided" (default), "one.sided", "less", or "greater". If "one.sided" or "two.sided" is specified, the z-value is assumed to be positive.

z

Numeric vector of z-values.

p

Numeric vector of p-values.

Details

z2p is vectorized over all arguments.

p2z is vectorized over all arguments.

Value

ci2se returns a numeric vector of standard errors.

ci2estimate returns a numeric vector of parameter estimates.

ci2z returns a numeric vector of z-values.

ci2p returns a numeric vector of p-values.

z2p returns a numeric vector of p-values. The dimension of the output depends on the input. In general, the output will be an array of dimension c(nrow(z), ncol(z), length(alternative)). If any of these dimensions is 1, it will be dropped.

p2z returns a numeric vector of z-values. The dimension of the output depends on the input. In general, the output will be an array of dimension c(nrow(p), ncol(p), length(alternative)). If any of these dimensions is 1, it will be dropped.

Examples

ci2se(lower = 1, upper = 3)
ci2se(lower = 1, upper = 3, ratio = TRUE)
ci2se(lower = 1, upper = 3, conf.level = 0.9)

ci2estimate(lower = 1, upper = 3)
ci2estimate(lower = 1, upper = 3, ratio = TRUE)
ci2estimate(lower = 1, upper = 3, ratio = TRUE, antilog = TRUE)

ci2z(lower = 1, upper = 3)
ci2z(lower = 1, upper = 3, ratio = TRUE)
ci2z(lower = 1, upper = 3, conf.level = 0.9)

ci2p(lower = 1, upper = 3)
ci2p(lower = 1, upper = 3, alternative = "one.sided")

z2p(z = c(1, 2, 5))
z2p(z = c(1, 2, 5), alternative = "less")
z2p(z = c(1, 2, 5), alternative = "greater")
z <- seq(-3, 3, by = 0.01)
plot(z, z2p(z), type = "l", xlab = "z", ylab = "p", ylim = c(0, 1))
lines(z, z2p(z, alternative = "greater"), lty = 2)
legend("topright", c("two-sided", "greater"), lty = c(1, 2), bty = "n")

p2z(p = c(0.005, 0.01, 0.05))
p2z(p = c(0.005, 0.01, 0.05), alternative = "greater")
p2z(p = c(0.005, 0.01, 0.05), alternative = "less")
p <- seq(0.001, 0.05, 0.0001)
plot(p, p2z(p), type = "l", ylim = c(0, 3.5), ylab = "z")
lines(p, p2z(p, alternative = "greater"), lty = 2)
legend("bottomleft", c("two-sided", "greater"), lty = c(1, 2), bty = "n")