polarizacion {Relectoral}

Dimensionality of voting. Polarization index. ( PP )

Description

This dimension is one of the most important in democratic systems, as it explains part of the stability and bankruptcy problems of democracies. The index that is calculated with this function needs the data of the ideological location of the parties, which are difficult to obtain, and that is something as simple as a scale of values between 1 and 10, in such a way that the closer to 1 the valuation of a political party is, it will be more classified as left-wing ideology, and the opposite case will occur when a political formation has a rating at the other end of the scale. The value obtained for this ideological position will be placed in the second column of the data.frame called "data", which is the first parameter that is passed to the function and whose structure is explained later, in the parameters section. If the indicator takes a value close to zero, it means there will be no polarization, and the polarization will increase as the indicator takes higher values.

In this section the weighted polarization index is calculated. For its calculation the following formulas will be used:

Pp=\sum_{i=1}^{n}p_{i}(x_{i}-\overline{x}_{p})^{2}

for i = 1, 2, \ldots,n

Pp2=\sum_{i=1}^{n}p_{i}\left|x_{i}-\overline{x}_{p}\right|

for i = 1, 2, \ldots,n

Usage

polarizacion(datos, Tipo = 1)

Arguments

datos

It is a data.frame with three columns: the first one contains the name of the political parties. The second contains the value of the ideological thinking location (scale from 1 to 10), and the third the number of votes obtained (electoral polarization), or the number of seats obtained (parliamentary polarization).

Tipo

It can take either value 1 or 2. 1 To indicate that the weighted formula is obtained but by calculating the distance to the weighted mean squared. If this parameter takes the value of 2, the formula that gets the absolute value of the differences to the weighted average will be used instead.

Value

Returns a numeric value of this indicator.

Examples

d <- data.frame(partidos=c("RN","PDC","PS","PPD","UDI","PRSC","otros"),
 ubicacion=c(6.36,5.31,2.73,4.13,7.04,4.00,5.33),
 c(19,20,15,21,33,7,5))
polarizacion(d,Tipo = 2)