ICS-S3 {ICS}

Two Scatter Matrices ICS Transformation

Description

Transforms the data via two scatter matrices to an invariant coordinate system or independent components, depending on the underlying assumptions. Function ICS() is intended as a replacement for ics() and ics2(), and it combines their functionality into a single function. Importantly, the results are returned as an S3 object rather than an S4 object. Furthermore, ICS() implements recent improvements, such as a numerically stable algorithm based on the QR algorithm for a common family of scatter pairs.

Usage

ICS(
  X,
  S1 = ICS_cov,
  S2 = ICS_cov4,
  S1_args = list(),
  S2_args = list(),
  algorithm = c("whiten", "standard", "QR"),
  center = FALSE,
  fix_signs = c("scores", "W"),
  na.action = na.fail
)

Arguments

X

a numeric matrix or data frame containing the data to be transformed.

S1

a numeric matrix containing the first scatter matrix, an object of class "ICS_scatter" (that typically contains the location vector and scatter matrix as location and scatter components), or a function that returns either of those options. The default is function ICS_cov() for the sample covariance matrix.

S2

a numeric matrix containing the second scatter matrix, an object of class "ICS_scatter" (that typically contains the location vector and scatter matrix as location and scatter components), or a function that returns either of those options. The default is function ICS_cov4() for the covariance matrix based on fourth order moments.

S1_args

a list containing additional arguments for S1 (only relevant if S1 is a function).

S2_args

a list containing additional arguments for S2 (only relevant if S2 is a function).

algorithm

a character string specifying with which algorithm the invariant coordinate system is computed. Possible values are "whiten", "standard" or "QR". See ‘Details’ for more information.

center

a logical indicating whether the invariant coordinates should be centered with respect to first locattion or not (default to FALSE). Centering is only applicable if the first scatter object contains a location component, otherwise this is set to FALSE. Note that this only affects the scores of the invariant components (output component scores), but not the generalized kurtosis values (output component gen_kurtosis).

fix_signs

a character string specifying how to fix the signs of the invariant coordinates. Possible values are "scores" to fix the signs based on (generalized) skewness values of the coordinates, or "W" to fix the signs based on the coefficient matrix of the linear transformation. See ‘Details’ for more information.

na.action

a function to handle missing values in the data (default to na.fail, see its help file for alternatives).

Details

For a given scatter pair S_{1} and S_{2}, a matrix Z (in which the columns contain the scores of the respective invariant coordinates) and a matrix W (in which the rows contain the coefficients of the linear transformation to the respective invariant coordinates) are found such that:

• The columns of Z are whitened with respect to S_{1}. That is, S_{1}(Z) = I, where I denotes the identity matrix.

• The columns of Z are uncorrelated with respect to S_{2}. That is, S_{2}(Z) = D, where D is a diagonal matrix.

• The columns of Z are ordered according to their generalized kurtosis.

Given those criteria, W is unique up to sign changes in its rows. The argument fix_signs provides two ways to ensure uniqueness of W:

• If argument fix_signs is set to "scores", the signs in W are fixed such that the generalized skewness values of all components are positive. If S1 and S2 provide location components, which are denoted by T_{1} and T_{2}, the generalized skewness values are computed as T_{1}(Z) - T_{2}(Z). Otherwise, the skewness is computed by subtracting the column medians of Z from the corresponding column means so that all components are right-skewed. This way of fixing the signs is preferred in an invariant coordinate selection framework.

• If argument fix_signs is set to "W", the signs in W are fixed independently of Z such that the maximum element in each row of W is positive and that each row has norm 1. This is the usual way of fixing the signs in an independent component analysis framework.

In principal, the order of S_{1} and S_{2} does not matter if both are true scatter matrices. Changing their order will just reverse the order of the components and invert the corresponding generalized kurtosis values.

The same does not hold when at least one of them is a shape matrix rather than a true scatter matrix. In that case, changing their order will also reverse the order of the components, but the ratio of the generalized kurtosis values is no longer 1 but only a constant. This is due to the fact that when shape matrices are used, the generalized kurtosis values are only relative ones.

Different algorithms are available to compute the invariant coordinate system of a data frame X_n with n observations:

• "whiten": whitens the data X_n with respect to the first scatter matrix before computing the second scatter matrix. If S2 is not a function, whitening is not applicable.

  • whiten the data X_n with respect to the first scatter matrix: Y_n = X_n S_1(X_n)^{-1/2}

  • compute S_2 for the uncorrelated data: S_2(Y_n)

  • perform the eigendecomposition of S_2(Y_n): S_2(Y_n) = UDU'

  • compute W: W = U' S_1(X_n)^{-1/2}

• "standard": performs the spectral decomposition of the symmetric matrix M(X_n)

  • compute M(X_n) = S_1(X_n)^{-1/2} S_2(X_n) S_1(X_n)^{-1/2}

  • perform the eigendecomposition of M(X_n): M(X_n) = UDU'

  • compute W: W = U' S_1(X_n)^{-1/2}

• "QR": numerically stable algorithm based on the QR algorithm for a common family of scatter pairs: if S1 is ICS_cov() or cov(), and if S2 is one of ICS_cov4(), ICS_covW() , ICS_covAxis(), cov4(), covW(), or covAxis(). For other scatter pairs, the QR algorithm is not applicable. See Archimbaud et al. (2023) for details.

The "whiten" algorithm is the most natural version and therefore the default. The option "standard" should be only used if the scatters provided are not functions but precomputed matrices. The option "QR" is mainly of interest when there are numerical issues when "whiten" is used and the scatter combination allows its usage.

Note that when the purpose of ICS is outlier detection the package ICSOutlier provides additional functionalities as does the package ICSClust in case the goal of ICS is dimension reduction prior clustering.

Value

An object of class "ICS" with the following components:

gen_kurtosis

a numeric vector containing the generalized kurtosis values of the invariant coordinates.

W

a numeric matrix in which each row contains the coefficients of the linear transformation to the corresponding invariant coordinate.

scores

a numeric matrix in which each column contains the scores of the corresponding invariant coordinate.

gen_skewness

a numeric vector containing the (generalized) skewness values of the invariant coordinates (only returned if fix_signs = "scores").

S1_label

a character string providing a label for the first scatter matrix to be used by various methods.

S2_label

a character string providing a label for the second scatter matrix to be used by various methods.

S1_args

a list containing additional arguments used to compute S1 (if a function was supplied).

S2_args

a list containing additional arguments used to compute S2 (if a function was supplied).

algorithm

a character string specifying how the invariant coordinate is computed.

center

a logical indicating whether or not the data were centered with respect to the first location vector before computing the invariant coordinates.

fix_signs

a character string specifying how the signs of the invariant coordinates were fixed.

Author(s)

Andreas Alfons and Aurore Archimbaud, based on code for ics() and ics2() by Klaus Nordhausen

References

Tyler, D.E., Critchley, F., Duembgen, L. and Oja, H. (2009) Invariant Co-ordinate Selection. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 71(3), 549–592. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9868.2009.00706.x.

Archimbaud, A., Drmac, Z., Nordhausen, K., Radojcic, U. and Ruiz-Gazen, A. (2023) Numerical Considerations and a New Implementation for Invariant Coordinate Selection. SIAM Journal on Mathematics of Data Science, 5(1), 97–121. doi:10.1137/22M1498759.

See Also

gen_kurtosis(), coef(), components(), fitted(), and plot() methods

Examples

# import data
data("iris")
X <- iris[,-5]

# run ICS
out_ICS <- ICS(X)
out_ICS
summary(out_ICS)

# extract generalized eigenvalues
gen_kurtosis(out_ICS)
# Plot
screeplot(out_ICS)

# extract the components
components(out_ICS)
components(out_ICS, select = 1:2)

# Plot
plot(out_ICS)

# equivalence with previous functions
out_ics <- ics(X, S1 = cov, S2 = cov4, stdKurt = FALSE)
out_ics
out_ics2 <- ics2(X, S1 = MeanCov, S2 = Mean3Cov4)
out_ics2
out_ICS


# example using two functions
X1 <- rmvnorm(250, rep(0,8), diag(c(rep(1,6),0.04,0.04)))
X2 <- rmvnorm(50, c(rep(0,6),2,0), diag(c(rep(1,6),0.04,0.04)))
X3 <- rmvnorm(200, c(rep(0,7),2), diag(c(rep(1,6),0.04,0.04)))
X.comps <- rbind(X1,X2,X3)
A <- matrix(rnorm(64),nrow=8)
X <- X.comps %*% t(A)
ics.X.1 <- ICS(X)
summary(ics.X.1)
plot(ics.X.1)
# compare to
pairs(X)
pairs(princomp(X,cor=TRUE)$scores)


# slow:
if (require("ICSNP")) {
  ics.X.2 <- ICS(X, S1 = tyler.shape, S2 = duembgen.shape,
  S1_args = list(location=0))
  summary(ics.X.2)
  plot(ics.X.2)
  # example using three pictures
  library(pixmap)
  fig1 <- read.pnm(system.file("pictures/cat.pgm", package = "ICS")[1],
                   cellres = 1)
  fig2 <- read.pnm(system.file("pictures/road.pgm", package = "ICS")[1],
                   cellres = 1)
  fig3 <- read.pnm(system.file("pictures/sheep.pgm", package = "ICS")[1],
                   cellres = 1)
  p <- dim(fig1@grey)[2]
  fig1.v <- as.vector(fig1@grey)
  fig2.v <- as.vector(fig2@grey)
  fig3.v <- as.vector(fig3@grey)
  X <- cbind(fig1.v, fig2.v, fig3.v)
  A <- matrix(rnorm(9), ncol = 3)
  X.mixed <- X %*% t(A)
  ICA.fig <- ICS(X.mixed)
  par.old <- par()
  par(mfrow=c(3,3), omi = c(0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1), mai = c(0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1))
  plot(fig1)
  plot(fig2)
  plot(fig3)
  plot(pixmapGrey(X.mixed[,1], ncol = p, cellres = 1))
  plot(pixmapGrey(X.mixed[,2], ncol = p, cellres = 1))
  plot(pixmapGrey(X.mixed[,3], ncol = p, cellres = 1))
  plot(pixmapGrey(components(ICA.fig)[,1], ncol = p, cellres = 1))
  plot(pixmapGrey(components(ICA.fig)[,2], ncol = p, cellres = 1))
  plot(pixmapGrey(components(ICA.fig)[,3], ncol = p, cellres = 1))
}