ET.Penman {Evapotranspiration}

Penman Formulation

Description

Implementing the Penman formulation for estimating open-water evaporation or potential evapotranspiration

Usage

## S3 method for class 'Penman'
ET(data, constants, ts="daily", solar="sunshine hours",
wind="yes", windfunction_ver=1948, alpha=0.08, z0=0.001, message="yes",
AdditionalStats="yes", save.csv="no", ...)

Arguments

data

A list which contains the following items (climate variables) required by Penman formulation:
Tmax, Tmin, RHmax, RHmin, Rs or n or Cd, u2 or uz

constants

A list named constants consists of constants required for the calculation of Penman formulation which must contain the following items:
Elev - ground elevation above mean sea level in m,
lambda - latent heat of vaporisation = 2.45 MJ.kg^-1,
lat_rad - latitude in radians,
Gsc - solar constant = 0.0820 MJ.m^-2.min^-1,
z - height of wind instrument in m,
sigma - Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 4.903*10^-9 MJ.K^-4.m^-2.day^-1.

The following constants are also required when argument solar has value of sunshine hours:
as - only for when cloud data is used for calculating radiation i.e. solar = "cloud" - fraction of extraterrestrial radiation reaching earth on sunless days,
bs - only for when cloud data is used for calculating radiation i.e. solar = "cloud" - difference between fracion of extraterrestrial radiation reaching full-sun days and that on sunless days.

ts

Must be either daily, monthly or annual, which indicates the disired time step that the output ET estimates should be on. Default is daily.

solar

Must be either data, sunshine hours, cloud or monthly precipitation:
data indicates that solar radiation data is to be used directly for calculating evapotranspiration;
sunshine hours indicates that solar radiation is to be calculated using the real data of sunshine hours;
cloud sunshine hours is to be estimated from cloud data;
monthly precipitation indicates that solar radiation is to be calculated directly from monthly precipitation.
Default is sunshine hours.

wind

Must be either yes or no.
yes indicates that the calculation will use real data of wind speed;
no indicates that the alternative calculation without using wind data will be used in Penman formulation (Valiantzas 2006, Equation33).
Default is yes.

windfunction_ver

The version of Penman wind function that will be used within the Penman formulation. Must be either 1948 or 1956.
1948 is for applying the Penman's 1948 wind function (Penman, 1948);
1956 is for applying the Penman's 1956 wind function (Penman, 1956) Default is 1948.

alpha

Any numeric value between 0 and 1 (dimensionless), albedo of evaporative surface representing the portion of the incident radiation that is reflected back at the surface.
Default is 0.08 for open-water surface which is for the calculation of Penman open-water evaporation, all other values will trigger the calculation of Penman potential evapotranspriation.

z0

Any value (metres), roughness height of the evaporative surface.
Default is 0.001 for open-water surface which is for the calculation of Penman open-water evaporation, all other values will trigger the calculation of Penman potential evapotranspriation.

message

Must be either yes or no, indicating whether message should be printed for calculation summary including the following elements:
- ET model name and ET quantity estimated
- Evaporative surface with values of albedo and roughness height
- Option for calculating solar radiation (i.e. the value of argument solar)
- If actual wind data has been used for calculation (i.e. the value of argument wind) and which version of Penman wind function has been used (i.e. the value of argument windfunction_ver)
- Time step of the output ET estimates (i.e. the value of argument ts)
- Units of the output ET estimates
- Time duration of the ET estimation
- Number of ET estimates obtained in the entire time-series
- Basic statistics of the estimated ET time-series including mean, max and min values

AdditionalStats

"yes" or "no" indicating whether monthly averaged and annual averaged ET should be calculated.

save.csv

Must be either yes or no, indicating whether a .csv of ET estimates should be saved to working directory.

...

Dummy for generic function, no need to define.

Details

The alternative calculation options can be selected through arguments solar, wind and windfunction_ver, please see Arguments for details.
User-defined evaporative surface is allowed through arguments alpha and z0, please see Arguments for details.

Value

The function generates a list containing the following components:

ET.Daily

Daily aggregated estimations of Penman open-water evaporation or potential evapotranspiration.

ET.Monthly

Monthly aggregated estimations of Penman open-water evaporation or potential evapotranspiration.

ET.Annual

Annually aggregated estimations of Penman open-water evaporation or potential evapotranspiration.

ET.MonthlyAve

Monthly averaged estimations of daily Penman open-water evaporation or potential evapotranspiration.

ET.AnnualAve

Annually averaged estimations of daily Penman open-water evaporation or potential evapotranspiration.

ET_formulation

Name of the formulation used which equals to Penman.

ET_type

Type of the estimation obtained which is either Open-water Evaporation or Potential Evapotranspiration.

message1

A message to inform the users about how solar radiation has been calculated by using which data.

message2

A message to inform the users about if actual wind data has been used in the calculations or alternative calculations has been performed without wind data, and which version of the Penman wind function has been used.

Author(s)

Danlu Guo

References

McMahon, T., Peel, M., Lowe, L., Srikanthan, R. & McVicar, T. 2012. Estimating actual, potential, reference crop and pan evaporation using standard meteorological data: a pragmatic synthesis. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 9, 11829-11910.

Penman, H. L. 1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 193, 120-145.

Valiantzas, J. D. 2006. Simplified versions for the Penman evaporation equation using routine weather data. Journal of Hydrology, 331, 690-702.

Penman, H. L. 1956. Evaporation: An introductory survey. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 4, 9-29.

See Also

ET,processeddata,defaultconstants,constants

Examples

# Use processed existing data set and constants from
# kent Town, Adelaide
data("processeddata")
data("constants")

# Call ET.Penman under the generic function ET
results <- ET.Penman(processeddata, constants, ts="daily",
solar="sunshine hours", wind="yes",
windfunction_ver = "1948", alpha = 0.08, z0 = 0.001,
message="yes", AdditionalStats="yes", save.csv="no")