S.CARleroux {CARBayes}

Fit a spatial generalised linear mixed model to data, where the random effects have a Leroux conditional autoregressive prior.

Description

Fit a spatial generalised linear mixed model to areal unit data, where the response variable can be binomial, Gaussian, Poisson or zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP). The linear predictor is modelled by known covariates and a vector of random effects. The latter are modelled by the conditional autoregressive prior proposed by Leroux et al. (2000), and further details are given in the vignette accompanying this package. Independent random effects can be obtained by setting rho=0, while the intrinsic CAR model can be obtained by setting rho=1. Inference is conducted in a Bayesian setting using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. Missing (NA) values are allowed in the response, and posterior predictive distributions are created for the missing values using data augmentation. These are saved in the"samples" argument in the output of the function and are denoted by "Y". For the ZIP model covariates can be used to estimate the probability of an observation being a structural zero, via a logistic regression equation. For a full model specification see the vignette accompanying this package.

Usage

S.CARleroux(formula, formula.omega=NULL, family, data=NULL,  trials=NULL, W, 
burnin, n.sample, thin=1, n.chains=1,  n.cores=1, prior.mean.beta=NULL, 
prior.var.beta=NULL, prior.nu2=NULL, prior.tau2=NULL, prior.mean.delta=NULL, 
prior.var.delta=NULL, rho=NULL, MALA=TRUE, verbose=TRUE)

Arguments

formula

A formula for the covariate part of the model using the syntax of the lm() function. Offsets can be included here using the offset() function. The response, offset and each covariate is a vector of length K*1. The response can contain missing (NA) values.

formula.omega

A one-sided formula object with no response variable (left side of the "~") needed, specifying the covariates in the logistic regression model for modelling the probability of an observation being a structural zero. Each covariate (or an offset) needs to be a vector of length K*1. Only required for zero-inflated Poisson models.

family

One of either "binomial", "gaussian", "poisson" or "zip", which respectively specify a binomial likelihood model with a logistic link function, a Gaussian likelihood model with an identity link function, a Poisson likelihood model with a log link function, or a zero-inflated Poisson model with a log link function.

data

An optional data.frame containing the variables in the formula.

trials

A vector the same length as the response containing the total number of trials for each area. Only used if family="binomial".

W

A non-negative K by K neighbourhood matrix (where K is the number of spatial units). Typically a binary specification is used, where the jkth element equals one if areas (j, k) are spatially close (e.g. share a common border) and is zero otherwise. The matrix can be non-binary, but each row must contain at least one non-zero entry.

burnin

The number of MCMC samples to discard as the burn-in period in each chain.

n.sample

The overall number of MCMC samples to generate in each chain.

thin

The level of thinning to apply to the MCMC samples in each chain to reduce their autocorrelation. Defaults to 1 (no thinning).

n.chains

The number of MCMC chains to run when fitting the model. Defaults to 1.

n.cores

The number of computer cores to run the MCMC chains on. Must be less than or equal to n.chains. Defaults to 1.

prior.mean.beta

A vector of prior means for the regression parameters beta (Gaussian priors are assumed). Defaults to a vector of zeros.

prior.var.beta

A vector of prior variances for the regression parameters beta (Gaussian priors are assumed). Defaults to a vector with values 100,000.

prior.nu2

The prior shape and scale in the form of c(shape, scale) for an Inverse-Gamma(shape, scale) prior for nu2. Defaults to c(1, 0.01) and only used if family="Gaussian".

prior.tau2

The prior shape and scale in the form of c(shape, scale) for an Inverse-Gamma(shape, scale) prior for tau2. Defaults to c(1, 0.01).

prior.mean.delta

A vector of prior means for the regression parameters delta (Gaussian priors are assumed) for the zero probability logistic regression component of the model. Defaults to a vector of zeros. Only used if family="multinomial".

prior.var.delta

A vector of prior variances for the regression parameters delta (Gaussian priors are assumed) for the zero probability logistic regression component of the model. Defaults to a vector with values 100,000. Only used if family="multinomial".

rho

The value in the interval [0, 1] that the spatial dependence parameter rho is fixed at if it should not be estimated. If this arugment is NULL then rho is estimated in the model.

MALA

Logical, should the function use Metropolis adjusted Langevin algorithm (MALA) updates (TRUE, default) or simple random walk updates (FALSE) for the regression parameters. Not applicable if family="gaussian".

verbose

Logical, should the function update the user on its progress.

Value

summary.results

A summary table of the parameters.

samples

A list containing the MCMC samples from the model.

fitted.values

The fitted values based on posterior means from the model.

residuals

A matrix with 2 columns where each column is a type of residual and each row relates to an area. The types are "response" (raw), and "pearson".

modelfit

Model fit criteria including the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) and its corresponding estimated effective number of parameters (p.d), the Log Marginal Predictive Likelihood (LMPL), the Watanabe-Akaike Information Criterion (WAIC) and its corresponding estimated number of effective parameters (p.w), and the loglikelihood.

accept

The acceptance probabilities for the parameters.

localised.structure

NULL, for compatability with other models.

formula

The formula (as a text string) for the response, covariate and offset parts of the model. If family="zip" this also includes the zero probability logistic regression formula.

model

A text string describing the model fit.

mcmc.info

A vector giving details of the numbers of MCMC samples generated.

X

The design matrix of covariates.

Author(s)

Duncan Lee

References

Leroux B, Lei X, Breslow N (2000). "Estimation of Disease Rates in SmallAreas: A New Mixed Model for Spatial Dependence." In M Halloran, D Berry (eds.), Statistical Models in Epidemiology, the Environment and Clinical Trials, pp. 179-191. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Examples

#################################################
#### Run the model on simulated data on a lattice
#################################################
#### Load other libraries required
library(MASS)

#### Set up a square lattice region
x.easting <- 1:10
x.northing <- 1:10
Grid <- expand.grid(x.easting, x.northing)
K <- nrow(Grid)

#### set up distance and neighbourhood (W, based on sharing a common border) matrices
distance <- as.matrix(dist(Grid))
W <-array(0, c(K,K))
W[distance==1] <-1 	
	
#### Generate the covariates and response data
x1 <- rnorm(K)
x2 <- rnorm(K)
theta <- rnorm(K, sd=0.05)
phi <- mvrnorm(n=1, mu=rep(0,K), Sigma=0.4 * exp(-0.1 * distance))
logit <- x1 + x2 + theta + phi
prob <- exp(logit) / (1 + exp(logit))
trials <- rep(50,K)
Y <- rbinom(n=K, size=trials, prob=prob)


#### Run the Leroux model
formula <- Y ~ x1 + x2
## Not run: model <- S.CARleroux(formula=formula, family="binomial", 
trials=trials, W=W, burnin=20000, n.sample=100000)
## End(Not run)

#### Toy example for checking
model <- S.CARleroux(formula=formula, family="binomial", 
trials=trials, W=W, burnin=10, n.sample=50)