bcor {Ball}R Documentation

Ball Covariance and Correlation Statistics

Description

Computes Ball Covariance and Ball Correlation statistics, which are generic dependence measures in Banach spaces.

Usage

bcor(x, y, distance = FALSE, weight = FALSE)

bcov(x, y, distance = FALSE, weight = FALSE)

Arguments

x

a numeric vector, matrix, data.frame, or a list containing at least two numeric vectors, matrices, or data.frames.

y

a numeric vector, matrix, or data.frame.

distance

if distance = TRUE, the elements of x and y are considered as distance matrices.

weight

a logical or character string used to choose the weight form of Ball Covariance statistic.. If input is a character string, it must be one of "constant", "probability", or "chisquare". Any unambiguous substring can be given. If input is a logical value, it is equivalent to weight = "probability" if weight = TRUE while equivalent to weight = "constant" if weight = FALSE. Default: weight = FALSE.

Details

The sample sizes of the two variables must agree, and samples must not contain missing and infinite values. If we set distance = TRUE, arguments x, y can be a dist object or a symmetric numeric matrix recording distance between samples; otherwise, these arguments are treated as data.

bcov and bcor compute Ball Covariance and Ball Correlation statistics.

Ball Covariance statistics is a generic dependence measure in Banach spaces. It enjoys the following properties:

Ball correlation statistics, a normalized version of Ball Covariance statistics, generalizes Pearson correlation in two fundamental ways:

The definitions of the Ball Covariance and Ball Correlation statistics between two random variables are as follows. Suppose, we are given pairs of independent observations \{(x_1, y_1),...,(x_n,y_n)\}, where x_i and y_i can be of any dimension and the dimensionality of x_i and y_i need not be the same. Then, we define sample version Ball Covariance as:

\mathbf{BCov}_{\omega, n}^{2}(X, Y)=\frac{1}{n^{2}}\sum_{i,j=1}^{n}{(\Delta_{ij,n}^{X,Y}-\Delta_{ij,n}^{X}\Delta_{ij,n}^{Y})^{2}}

where:

\Delta_{ij,n}^{X,Y}=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^{n}{\delta_{ij,k}^{X} \delta_{ij,k}^{Y}}, \Delta_{ij,n}^{X}=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^{n}{\delta_{ij,k}^{X}}, \Delta_{ij,n}^{Y}=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^{n}{\delta_{ij,k}^{Y}}

\delta_{ij,k}^{X} = I(x_{k} \in \bar{B}(x_{i}, \rho(x_{i}, x_{j}))), \delta_{ij,k}^{Y} = I(y_{k} \in \bar{B}(y_{i}, \rho(y_{i}, y_{j})))

Among them, \bar{B}(x_{i}, \rho(x_{i}, x_{j})) is a closed ball with center x_{i} and radius \rho(x_{i}, x_{j}). Similarly, we can define \mathbf{BCov}_{\omega,n}^2(\mathbf{X},\mathbf{X}) and \mathbf{BCov}_{\omega,n}^2(\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{Y}) . We define Ball Correlation statistic as follows.

\mathbf{BCor}_{\omega,n}^2(\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y})= \mathbf{BCov}_{\omega,n}^2(\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y})/\sqrt{\mathbf{BCov}_{\omega,n}^2(\mathbf{X},\mathbf{X})\mathbf{BCov}_{\omega,n}^2(\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{Y})}

We can extend \mathbf{BCov}_{\omega,n} to measure the mutual independence between K random variables:

\frac{1}{n^{2}}\sum_{i,j=1}^{n}{\left[ (\Delta_{ij,n}^{X_{1}, ..., X_{K}}-\prod_{k=1}^{K}\Delta_{ij,n}^{X_{k}})^{2}\prod_{k=1}^{K}{\hat{\omega}_{k}(X_{ki},X_{kj})} \right]}

where X_{k}(k=1,\ldots,K) are random variables and X_{ki} is the i-th observations of X_{k}.

See bcov.test for a test of independence based on the Ball Covariance statistic.

Value

bcor

Ball Correlation statistic.

bcov

Ball Covariance statistic.

References

Wenliang Pan, Xueqin Wang, Heping Zhang, Hongtu Zhu & Jin Zhu (2019) Ball Covariance: A Generic Measure of Dependence in Banach Space, Journal of the American Statistical Association, DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2018.1543600

Wenliang Pan, Xueqin Wang, Weinan Xiao & Hongtu Zhu (2018) A Generic Sure Independence Screening Procedure, Journal of the American Statistical Association, DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2018.1462709

Jin Zhu, Wenliang Pan, Wei Zheng, and Xueqin Wang (2021). Ball: An R Package for Detecting Distribution Difference and Association in Metric Spaces, Journal of Statistical Software, Vol.97(6), doi: 10.18637/jss.v097.i06.

See Also

bcov.test, bcorsis

Examples

############# Ball Correlation #############
num <- 50
x <- 1:num
y <- 1:num
bcor(x, y)
bcor(x, y, weight = "prob")
bcor(x, y, weight = "chisq")
############# Ball Covariance #############
num <- 50
x <- rnorm(num)
y <- rnorm(num)
bcov(x, y)
bcov(x, y, weight = "prob")
bcov(x, y, weight = "chisq")

[Package Ball version 1.3.13 Index]