R: Compute Model-averaged Effect Sizes (Multimodel Inference on...

modavgEffect {AICcmodavg}

R Documentation

Compute Model-averaged Effect Sizes (Multimodel Inference on Group Differences)

Description

This function model-averages the effect size between two groups defined by a categorical variable based on the entire model set and computes the unconditional standard error and unconditional confidence intervals as described in Buckland et al. (1997) and Burnham and Anderson (2002). This can be particularly useful when dealing with data from an experiment (e.g., ANOVA) and when the focus is to determine the effect of a given factor. This is an information-theoretic alternative to multiple comparisons (e.g., Burnham et al. 2011).

Usage

modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE,
             nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised", conf.level = 0.95,
             ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICaov.lm'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL, newdata,
        second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICglm.lm'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL, newdata, 
        second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, type = "response", c.hat = 1, gamdisp = NULL,
        ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICgls'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL, newdata,
        second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AIClm'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL, newdata,
        second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AIClme'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL, newdata,
        second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, ...) 

## S3 method for class 'AICmer'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL, newdata,
        second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, type = "response", ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICglmerMod'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL,
        newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, type = "response", ...)

## S3 method for class 'AIClmerMod'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL,
        newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AIClmerModLmerTest'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL,
        newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICnegbin.glm.lm'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL,
        newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, type = "response", ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICrlm.lm'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL, newdata,
        second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICsurvreg'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL, newdata,
        second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, type = "response", ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitOccu'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL,
        newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, type = "response", c.hat = 1,
        parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitColExt'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames =
        NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se =
        "revised", conf.level = 0.95, type = "response",
        c.hat = 1, parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitOccuRN'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames =
        NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se =
        "revised", conf.level = 0.95, type = "response",
        c.hat = 1, parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitPCount'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames =
        NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se =
        "revised", conf.level = 0.95, type = "response",
        c.hat = 1, parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitPCO'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL,
        newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, type = "response", c.hat = 1,
        parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitDS'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL,
        newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, type = "response", c.hat = 1,
        parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitGDS'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames = NULL,
        newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised",
        conf.level = 0.95, type = "response", c.hat = 1,
        parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitOccuFP'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames =
        NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se =
        "revised", conf.level = 0.95, type = "response",
        c.hat = 1, parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitMPois'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames =
        NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se =
        "revised", conf.level = 0.95, type = "response",
        c.hat = 1, parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitGMM'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames =
       NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se =
       "revised", conf.level = 0.95, type = "response",
       c.hat = 1, parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitGPC'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames =
        NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se =
        "revised", conf.level = 0.95, type = "response",
        c.hat = 1, parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitOccuTTD'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames =
        NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se =
        "revised", conf.level = 0.95, type = "response",
        c.hat = 1, parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitMMO'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames =
        NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se =
        "revised", conf.level = 0.95, type = "response",
        c.hat = 1, parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitDSO'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames =
        NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se =
        "revised", conf.level = 0.95, type = "response",
        c.hat = 1, parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitOccuMS'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames =
        NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se =
        "revised", conf.level = 0.95, type = "response",
        c.hat = 1, parm.type = NULL, ...)

## S3 method for class 'AICunmarkedFitOccuMulti'
modavgEffect(cand.set, modnames =
        NULL, newdata, second.ord = TRUE, nobs = NULL, uncond.se =
        "revised", conf.level = 0.95, type = "response",
        c.hat = 1, parm.type = NULL, ...)

Arguments

`cand.set`	a list storing each of the models in the candidate model set.
`modnames`	a character vector of model names to facilitate the identification of each model in the model selection table. If `NULL`, the function uses the names in the cand.set list of candidate models. If no names appear in the list, generic names (e.g., `Mod1`, `Mod2`) are supplied in the table in the same order as in the list of candidate models.
`newdata`	a data frame with two rows and where the columns correspond to the explanatory variables specified in the candidate models. Note that this data set must have the same structure as that of the original data frame for which we want to make predictions, specifically, the same variable type and names that appear in the original data set. Each row of the data set defines one of the two groups compared. The first row in `newdata` defines the first group, whereas the second row defines the second group. The effect size is computed as the prediction in the first row minus the prediction in the second row (first row - second row). Only the column relating to the grouping variable can change value and all others must be held constant for the comparison (see 'Details').
`second.ord`	logical. If `TRUE`, the function returns the second-order Akaike information criterion (i.e., AICc).
`nobs`	this argument allows the specification of a numeric value other than total sample size to compute the AICc (i.e., `nobs` defaults to total number of observations). This is relevant only for mixed models or various models of `unmarkedFit` classes where sample size is not straightforward. In such cases, one might use total number of observations or number of independent clusters (e.g., sites) as the value of `nobs`.
`uncond.se`	either, `"old"`, or `"revised"`, specifying the equation used to compute the unconditional standard error of a model-averaged estimate. With `uncond.se = "old"`, computations are based on equation 4.9 of Burnham and Anderson (2002), which was the former way to compute unconditional standard errors. With `uncond.se = "revised"`, equation 6.12 of Burnham and Anderson (2002) is used. Anderson (2008, p. 111) recommends use of the revised version for the computation of unconditional standard errors and it is now the default. Note that versions of package AICcmodavg < 1.04 used the old method to compute unconditional standard errors.
`conf.level`	the confidence level (`1 - \alpha`) requested for the computation of unconditional confidence intervals. To obtain confidence intervals corrected for multiple comparisons between pairs of treatments, it is possible to adjust the `\alpha` level according to various strategies such as the Bonferroni correction (Dunn 1961).
`type`	the scale of prediction requested, one of `"response"` or `"link"` (only relevant for `glm`, `mer`, and `unmarkedFit` classes). Note that the value `"terms"` is not defined for `modavgEffect`).
`c.hat`	value of overdispersion parameter (i.e., variance inflation factor) such as that obtained from `c_hat`. Note that values of `c.hat` different from 1 are only appropriate for binomial GLM's with trials > 1 (i.e., success/trial or cbind(success, failure) syntax), with Poisson GLM's, single-season and dynamic occupancy models (MacKenzie et al. 2002, 2003), or N-mixture models (Royle 2004, Dail and Madsen 2011). If `c.hat > 1`, `modavgEffect` will return the quasi-likelihood analogue of the information criteria requested and multiply the variance-covariance matrix of the estimates by this value (i.e., SE's are multiplied by `sqrt(c.hat)`). This option is not supported for generalized linear mixed models of the `mer` class.
`gamdisp`	if gamma GLM is used, the dispersion parameter should be specified here to apply the same value to each model.
`parm.type`	this argument specifies the parameter type on which the effect size will be computed and is only relevant for models of `unmarkedFit` classes. The character strings supported vary with the type of model fitted. For `unmarkedFitOccu` objects, either `psi` or `detect` can be supplied to indicate whether the parameter is on occupancy or detectability, respectively. For `unmarkedFitColExt` objects, possible values are `psi`, `gamma`, `epsilon`, and `detect`, for parameters on occupancy in the inital year, colonization, extinction, and detectability, respectively. For `unmarkedFitOccuTTD` objects, possible values are `psi`, `gamma`, `epsilon`, and `detect`, for parameters on occupancy in the inital year, colonization, extinction, and time-to-dection (lambda rate parameter), respectively. For `unmarkedFitOccuFP` objects, one can specify `psi`, `detect`, `falsepos`, and `certain`, for occupancy, detectability, probability of assigning false-positives, and probability detections are certain, respectively. For `unmarkedFitOccuRN` objects, either `lambda` or `detect` can be entered for abundance and detectability parameters, respectively. For `unmarkedFitPCount` and `unmarkedFitMPois` objects, `lambda` or `detect` denote parameters on abundance and detectability, respectively. For `unmarkedFitPCO`, `unmarkedFitMMO`, and `unmarkedFitDSO` objects, one can enter `lambda`, `gamma`, `omega`, `iota`, or `detect`, to specify parameters on abundance, recruitment, apparent survival, immigration, and detectability, respectively. For `unmarkedFitDS` objects, `lambda` and `detect` are supported. For `unmarkedFitGDS`, `lambda`, `phi`, and `detect` denote abundance, availability, and detection probability, respectively. For `unmarkedFitGMM` and `unmarkedFitGPC` objects, `lambda`, `phi`, and `detect` denote abundance, availability, and detectability, respectively. For `unmarkedFitOccuMS` objects, `psi`, `phi`, and `detect` denote occupancy, transition, and detection probability, respectively. For `unmarkedFitOccuMulti` objects, `psi` and `detect` denote occupancy and detection probability, respectively.
`...`	additional arguments passed to the function.

Details

The strategy used here to compute effect sizes is to work from the newdata object to create two predictions from a given model and compute the differences and standard errors between both values. This step is executed for each model in the candidate model set, to obtain a model-averaged estimate of the effect size and unconditional standard error. As a result, the newdata argument is restricted to two rows, each for a given prediction. To specify each group, the values entered in the column for each explanatory variable can be identical, except for the grouping variable. In such a case, the function will identify the variable and the assign group names based on the values of the variable. If more than a single variable has different values in its respective column, the function will print generic names in the output to identify the two groups. A sensible choice of value for the explanatory variables to be held constant is the average of the variable.

Model-averaging effect sizes is most useful in true experiments (e.g., ANOVA-type designs), where one wants to obtain the best estimate of effect size given the support of each candidate model. This can be considered as a information-theoretic analog of traditional multiple comparisons, except that the information contained in the entire model set is used instead of being restricted to a single model. See 'Examples' below for applications.

modavgEffect calls the appropriate method depending on the class of objects in the list. The current classes supported include aov, glm, gls, lm, lme, mer, glmerMod, lmerMod, lmerModLmerTest, rlm, survreg, as well as models of unmarkedFitOccu, unmarkedFitColExt, unmarkedFitOccuFP, unmarkedFitOccuRN, unmarkedFitOccuTTD, unmarkedFitPCount, unmarkedFitPCO, unmarkedFitDS, unmarkedFitDSO, unmarkedFitGDS, unmarkedFitMPois, unmarkedFitGMM, unmarkedFitMMO, unmarkedFitGPC, unmarkedFitOccuMS, and unmarkedFitOccuMulti. classes.

Value

The result is an object of class modavgEffect with the following components:

`Group.variable`	the grouping variable defining the two groups compared.
`Group1`	the first group considered in the comparison.
`Group2`	the second group considered in the comparison.
`Type`	the scale on which the model-averaged effect size was computed (e.g., response or link).
`Mod.avg.table`	the full model selection table including the entire set of candidate models.
`Mod.avg.eff`	the model-averaged effect size based on the entire candidate model set.
`Uncond.SE`	the unconditional standard error for the model-averaged effect size.
`Conf.level`	the confidence level used to compute the confidence interval.
`Lower.CL`	the lower confidence limit.
`Upper.CL`	the upper confidence limit.
`Matrix.output`	a matrix containing the model-averaged effect size, the unconditional standard error, and the lower and upper confidence limits.

Author(s)

Marc J. Mazerolle

References

Anderson, D. R. (2008) Model-based Inference in the Life Sciences: a primer on evidence. Springer: New York.

Buckland, S. T., Burnham, K. P., Augustin, N. H. (1997) Model selection: an integral part of inference. Biometrics 53, 603–618.

Burnham, K. P., Anderson, D. R. (2002) Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Second edition. Springer: New York.

Burnham, K. P., Anderson, D. R. (2004) Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociological Methods and Research 33, 261–304.

Burnham, K. P., Anderson, D. R., Huyvaert, K. P. (2011) AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behaviorial ecology: some background, observations and comparisons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 65, 23–25.

Dail, D., Madsen, L. (2011) Models for estimating abundance from repeated counts of an open population. Biometrics 67, 577–587.

Dunn, O. J. (1961) Multiple comparisons among means. Journal of the American Statistical Association 56, 52–64.

MacKenzie, D. I., Nichols, J. D., Lachman, G. B., Droege, S., Royle, J. A., Langtimm, C. A. (2002) Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one. Ecology 83, 2248–2255.

MacKenzie, D. I., Nichols, J. D., Hines, J. E., Knutson, M. G., Franklin, A. B. (2003) Estimating site occupancy, colonization, and local extinction when a species is detected imperfectly. Ecology 84, 2200–2207.

Mazerolle, M. J. (2006) Improving data analysis in herpetology: using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to assess the strength of biological hypotheses. Amphibia-Reptilia 27, 169–180.

Royle, J. A. (2004) N-mixture models for estimating population size from spatially replicated counts. Biometrics 60, 108–115.

Examples

##heights (cm) of plants grown under two fertilizers, Ex. 9.5 from
##Zar (1984): Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
heights <- data.frame(Height = c(48.2, 54.6, 58.3, 47.8, 51.4, 52.0,
                        55.2, 49.1, 49.9, 52.6, 52.3, 57.4, 55.6, 53.2,
                        61.3, 58.0, 59.8, 54.8),
                      Fertilizer = c(rep("old", 10), rep("new", 8)))

##run linear model hypothesizing an effect of fertilizer
m1 <- lm(Height ~ Fertilizer, data = heights)

##run null model (no effect of fertilizer)
m0 <- lm(Height ~ 1, data = heights)

##assemble models in list
Cands <- list(m1, m0)
Modnames <- c("Fert", "null")

##compute model selection table to compare
##both hypotheses
aictab(cand.set = Cands, modnames = Modnames)
##note that model with fertilizer effect is much better supported
##than the null

##compute model-averaged effect sizes: one model hypothesizes a
##difference of 0, whereas the other assumes a difference

##prepare newdata object from which differences between groups
##will be computed
##the first row of the newdata data.frame relates to the first group,
##whereas the second row corresponds to the second group
pred.data <- data.frame(Fertilizer = c("new", "old"))

##compute best estimate of effect size accounting for model selection
##uncertainty
modavgEffect(cand.set = Cands, modnames = Modnames,
              newdata = pred.data)


##classical one-way ANOVA type-design
## Not run: 
##generate data for two groups and control
set.seed(seed = 15)
y <- round(c(rnorm(n = 15, mean = 10, sd = 5),
       rnorm(n = 15, mean = 15, sd = 5),
       rnorm(n = 15, mean = 12, sd = 5)), digits = 2)
##groups
group <- c(rep("cont", 15), rep("trt1", 15), rep("trt2", 15))

##combine in data set
aov.data <- data.frame(Y = y, Group = group)
rm(y, group)

##run model with group effect
lm.eff <- lm(Y ~ Group, data = aov.data)
##null model
lm.0 <- lm(Y ~ 1, data = aov.data)

##compare both models
Cands <- list(lm.eff, lm.0)
Mods <- c("group effect", "no group effect")
aictab(cand.set = Cands, modnames = Mods)
##model with group effect has most of the weight

##compute model-averaged effect sizes
##trt1 - control
modavgEffect(cand.set = Cands, modnames = Modnames,
              newdata = data.frame(Group = c("trt1", "cont")))
##trt1 differs from cont

##trt2 - control
modavgEffect(cand.set = Cands, modnames = Modnames,
              newdata = data.frame(Group = c("trt2", "cont")))
##trt2 does not differ from cont

## End(Not run)


##two-way ANOVA type design, Ex. 13.1 (Zar 1984) of plasma calcium
##concentration (mg/100 ml) in birds as a function of sex and hormone
##treatment
## Not run: 
birds <- data.frame(Ca = c(16.87, 16.18, 17.12, 16.83, 17.19, 15.86,
                      14.92, 15.63, 15.24, 14.8, 19.07, 18.77, 17.63,
                      16.99, 18.04, 17.2, 17.64, 17.89, 16.78, 16.92,
                      32.45, 28.71, 34.65, 28.79, 24.46, 30.54, 32.41,
                      28.97, 28.46, 29.65),
                    Sex = c("M", "M", "M", "M", "M", "F", "F", "F", "F",
                      "F", "M", "M", "M", "M", "M", "F", "F", "F", "F",
                      "F", "M", "M", "M", "M", "M", "F", "F", "F", "F",
                      "F"),
                    Hormone = as.factor(c(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
                      1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
                      3, 3, 3, 3, 3)))

##candidate models
##interactive effects
m.inter <- lm(Ca ~ Sex + Hormone + Sex:Hormone, data = birds)

##additive effects
m.add <- lm(Ca ~ Sex + Hormone, data = birds)

##Sex only
m.sex <- lm(Ca ~ Sex, data = birds)

##Hormone only
m.horm <- lm(Ca ~ Hormone, data = birds)

##null
m.0 <- lm(Ca ~ 1, data = birds)

##model selection
Cands <- list(m.inter, m.add, m.sex, m.horm, m.0)
Mods <- c("interaction", "additive", "sex only", "horm only", "null")
aictab(Cands, Mods)
##there is some support for a hormone only treatment, but also for
##additive effects

##compute model-averaged effects of sex, and set the other variable
##to a constant value
##M - F
sex.data <- data.frame(Sex = c("M", "F"), Hormone = c("1", "1"))
modavgEffect(Cands, Mods, newdata = sex.data)
##no support for a sex main effect

##hormone 1 - 3, but set Sex to a constant value
horm1.data <- data.frame(Sex = c("M", "M"), Hormone = c("1", "3"))
modavgEffect(Cands, Mods, newdata = horm1.data)

##hormone 2 - 3, but set Sex to a constant value
horm2.data <- data.frame(Sex = c("M", "M"), Hormone = c("2", "3"))
modavgEffect(Cands, Mods, newdata = horm2.data)

## End(Not run)


##Poisson regression with anuran larvae example from Mazerolle (2006)
## Not run: 
data(min.trap)
##assign "UPLAND" as the reference level as in Mazerolle (2006)          
min.trap$Type <- relevel(min.trap$Type, ref = "UPLAND") 

##set up candidate models          
Cand.mod <- list( )
##global model          
Cand.mod[[1]] <- glm(Num_anura ~ Type + log.Perimeter,
                     family = poisson, offset = log(Effort),
                     data = min.trap) 
Cand.mod[[2]] <- glm(Num_anura ~ log.Perimeter, family = poisson,
                     offset = log(Effort), data = min.trap) 
Cand.mod[[3]] <- glm(Num_anura ~ Type, family = poisson,
                     offset = log(Effort), data = min.trap) 
Cand.mod[[4]] <- glm(Num_anura ~ 1, family = poisson,
                     offset = log(Effort), data = min.trap) 
          
##check c-hat for global model
vif.hat <- c_hat(Cand.mod[[1]]) #uses Pearson's chi-square/df

##assign names to each model
Modnames <- c("type + logperim", "type", "logperim", "intercept only") 

##compute model-averaged estimate of difference between abundance at bog
##pond and upland pond
##create newdata object to make predictions
pred.data <- data.frame(Type = c("BOG", "UPLAND"),
                        log.Perimeter = mean(min.trap$log.Perimeter),
                        Effort = mean(min.trap$Effort))
modavgEffect(Cand.mod, Modnames, newdata = pred.data, c.hat = vif.hat,
             type = "response")
##little suport for a pond type effect

## End(Not run)


##mixed linear model example from ?nlme
## Not run: 
library(nlme)
Cand.models <- list( )
Cand.models[[1]] <- lme(distance ~ age, data = Orthodont, method="ML")
Cand.models[[2]] <- lme(distance ~ age + Sex, data = Orthodont,
                        random = ~ 1, method="ML")
Cand.models[[3]] <-lme(distance ~ 1, data = Orthodont, random = ~ 1,
                       method="ML")
Cand.models[[4]] <-lme(distance ~ Sex, data = Orthodont, random = ~ 1,
                       method="ML")

Modnames <- c("age", "age + sex", "null", "sex")

data.other <- data.frame(age = mean(Orthodont$age),
                         Sex = factor(c("Male", "Female"))) 
modavgEffect(cand.set = Cand.models, modnames = Modnames,
             newdata = data.other, conf.level = 0.95, second.ord = TRUE,
             nobs = NULL, uncond.se = "revised")
detach(package:nlme)

## End(Not run)


##site occupancy analysis example
## Not run: 
library(unmarked)
##single season model
data(frogs)
pferUMF <- unmarkedFrameOccu(pfer.bin)
##create a bogus site group
site.group <- c(rep(1, times = nrow(pfer.bin)/2), rep(0, nrow(pfer.bin)/2))

## add some fake covariates for illustration
siteCovs(pferUMF) <- data.frame(site.group, sitevar1 =
                                rnorm(numSites(pferUMF)),
                                sitevar2 = runif(numSites(pferUMF)))
     
## observation covariates are in site-major, observation-minor order
obsCovs(pferUMF) <- data.frame(obsvar1 =
                               rnorm(numSites(pferUMF) * obsNum(pferUMF)))
     
fm1 <- occu(~ obsvar1 ~ site.group, pferUMF)
fm2 <- occu(~ obsvar1 ~ 1, pferUMF)

Cand.mods <- list(fm1, fm2)
Modnames <- c("fm1", "fm2")

##model selection table
aictab(cand.set = Cand.mods, modnames = Modnames, second.ord = TRUE)

##model-averaged effect sizes comparing site.group 1 - site.group 0
newer.dat <- data.frame(site.group = c(0, 1))

modavgEffect(cand.set = Cand.mods, modnames = Modnames, type = "response",
              second.ord = TRUE, newdata = newer.dat, parm.type = "psi")
##no support for an effect of site group

## End(Not run)


##single season N-mixture models
## Not run: 
data(mallard)
##this variable was created to illustrate the use of modavgEffect
##with detection variables
mallard.site$site.group <- c(rep(1, 119), rep(0, 120))
mallardUMF <- unmarkedFramePCount(mallard.y, siteCovs = mallard.site,
                                  obsCovs = mallard.obs)
siteCovs(mallardUMF)
tmp.covs <- obsCovs(mallardUMF)
obsCovs(mallardUMF)$date2 <- tmp.covs$date^2
(fm.mall <- pcount(~ site.group ~ length + elev + forest, mallardUMF, K=30))
(fm.mallb <- pcount(~ 1 ~ length + elev + forest, mallardUMF, K=30))
     
Cands <- list(fm.mall, fm.mallb)
Modnames <- c("one", "null")

##model averaged effect size of site.group 1 - site.group 0 on response
##scale (point estimate)
modavgEffect(Cands, Modnames, newdata = data.frame(site.group = c(0, 1)),
              parm.type = "detect", type = "response")

##model averaged effect size of site.group 1 - site.group 0 on link
##scale (here, logit link)
modavgEffect(Cands, Modnames, newdata = data.frame(site.group = c(0, 1)),
              parm.type = "detect", type = "link")

detach(package:unmarked)

## End(Not run)

[Package AICcmodavg version 2.3-3 Index]